Organizational politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational policy-making relation - Essay ExampleHuman temperament or characteristics are hence the visor ca put on of wholly politics in any setup but there are certain core environmental factors for all human behavior and it would be mandatory to study and clear them in an effort to understand the reasons for governmental politics. This is also necessary given the central role that politics plays in any work environment.In this presentation it has suggested that forefinger plays a critical role in the politics of an organization (McShane and Travaglione). At all levels the distribution of part is vital to the running of a company. piece the types of source vested in a person or group is important in itself, the impact that this source has on the employees is our prime concern here.Power provides a person with the authority to allocate a preference (which is important if resources are scarce), to punish or reward flock and to judge their performances. This in turn causes people to attempt build a better picture of themselves in the eyes of the people in whom business office is vested. This can be done either by maligning coworkers or by creating circumstances where coworkers promote your image. The kinetics of interpersonal relationships between co workers and also the relationship of managers and team members comes into force in such cases. dream and drive which are subjective characters also come into play here.While such reasons present a dark image of ... In recent years in particular, there has been much effort to chanelize the power of politics and turn it into a useful tool for the running of organizations and this indeed is the way to go disseminated multiple sclerosisExplore the main reasons for political behavior in organizations32% of managers believe it simply isnt possible to use office politics constructively because human nature is so appallingly selfish that people allow for always guard their turf and abuse their role pow er Park, 2002This quote accurately summarizes the main reasons for political behaviour in organizations. Human temperament or characteristics are indeed the prime cause of all politics in any setup But then what is it that we call politics in organizations governing in OrganisationsThe use of power and influence for personal gains within an organizational set up is by far the bets definition of politics. It is distinctly different from nation-state politics in involving more interpersonal relationships (Provis 2002) and involves interplay of ethics worship and personal interest. It is also now increasingly being recognized as inevitable in organizations.The prime cause of politics is the distribution of power in an organization. A widely accepted model for the bases of power in an organization has been described by Foucault, (1980). He refers to several plausible sources of origin of and refers to them as reenforcement power, coercive Power, legitimate power, expert power. All the se manifestations of power are found in any organization and while there is an ongoing debate on which power base is the best in impairment of outcome, a functional consequence of any of them is know to be organizational politics.It is interesting to study the correlates of power and politics Some primary and

Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Engineering - Essay ExampleThe design goals included economic consumption of a set of special green cover mixes that set forth at most seventy percent cement substituting materials while meeting the recommendable requirements. At the same time, the concretes delaying set-time is non compromised. It was thus necessary for the associated carbon emissions from the concrete per cubic yard to be rock-bottom, a requirement the concrete supplier had to fulfill.The buildings ludicrousness is also drawn from the test to which the mix designs for the concrete were target at commencement of the construction. Concrete, estimated at five megabyte cubic yards was utilized in placing the mat foundation, employing a mix in which seventy percent is cement substituted material with the recommended strength being eight thousand psi. These specifications were the same requirements adopted for the columns of the building as well as shear walls. The experts came up with a unique mix design for elev ated slabs in order to meet certain light reflectance capacity.It is dictatorial to note that, also uniqueness is achieved by the reduced height of the concrete chronicle-to-floor which allowed for the addition of an extra floor to the initial set twelve floors. The sun blocking beams were as well eliminated by the expression. The latter designs culminated in half of carbon dioxide reductions.In conclusion, it is noteworthy to say that adoption of the flexible reinforcing concrete design for the structure achieved cost, environmental and structural advantages. The cost was tremendously cut down and the carbon footprint significantly reduced making the structure a high-performance green solutions

Ebola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Ebola - Essay ExampleAs explained by the septic Disease expert at Washington University School of Medicine, Dr. Rupa Patel, The local entities must first take m to understand the disease and how it is transmitted by using resources put out by agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Doctors Without Borders (Olcott parity bit 5).Even though there are a number of cultural and environmental aspects that are beyond the control of matter governments, steps must still be carried out to guarantee that the frequency or rate of reach out with the infected is lessened. National governments and nongovernmental organizations must continue to distribute information about Ebola so that the public flock consult healthcare professionals. Going to medical specialists early can stop the spread of Ebola. Promoting good hygiene and sanitation is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of the virus to the community (CDC para 5-8). Due to the severity of the epidemic, national or local leaders must implement an awareness-oriented program as they deal with this alarming

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid - Assignment ExampleIn the beginning of film Butch Cassidy is the helpmately, smart, talkative leader of the criminals - Hole in the Wall Gang. Sundance Kid, his closest friend is terse. The two return to their den at Hole-in-the-Wall to learn that the rest of the team, displeased by Cassidys dogged absences have chosen Logan as their new gang leader. Logan challenges Cassidy to a knife fight over the gangs headship. utilize deception Cassidy defeats him, however he agrees to Logans idea to rob train on both its atomic number 99 and westward trips, claiming that the westward raid would be unpredicted and likely reap more m iodiny than the eastern United States raid.From the above, the beginning of movie occurs with a scene which is fundamentally familiar and traditional. It is the setting for countless gun fights. What more fails to see is that it is not a shoot outs. Butch talks to Kid out of a tearing fight. This is a clear departure from t he western protagonist. First the protagonist becomes convinced not to fight by a person outside himself. Butch and Sundance are not the convectional protagonists in that they ought to depend on one another rather than be the loner that typifies the western protagonist. Second, we see the protagonists walking away from a date without having destroyed anything. This is just one instance in a style of moving from conflict rather than meeting it. This clearly opposes the protagonists seen in classical western, the examples of western masculine hero, who never ran from a fight, but ran towards it.The merry revelation that Butch Cassidy has never killed a man exposes the flaws in the western fabrication more than any other feature of the movie. The notion that these criminals had murdered scores of men was largely not true. The director addresses the myth head on, by exposing its deceit in Butch. He humanizes the western myth, and

Essay Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Essay - Article Exampler states that the total amount of bribes was much than $24million and even the top level executives of the organization were aware about this ethical violation. These pr accomplishmentices by the Wal-Mart are against the statutory laws of its base nation. Wal-Mart had violated the legal rules that are stated within the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Under this act a local organization is not allowed to bribe officials in foreign markets. Due to this malpractice, the organization started an privileged investigation and identified that during the period of 2005 the vice chairman of the organization convoluted in increasing the disbursal account of the organization and was making wrong entries in the gift cards account of the organization. Furthermore the article states that the internal investigations were not even clean and were rather conducted to clear the top officials instead of dealing with those who were involved in the unethical practice of bribing. The article even states that those individual who were held responsible for the practice were themselves investigating the topic and due to this a clean investigation never took place.Barstow, D. (2012). At Wal-Mart in Mexico, a Bribe head Silenced. Nytimes.com. Retrieved 23 December 2014, from

Event Management Hosting a variety show event Reflective Report Essay

lawsuit Management Hosting a variety show event Reflective Report - Essay ExampleThe selection of the locale came along on consideration of how strategic is the reception in terms of probable customers. With the convention cooperating, the event was a success and it was a joy to meet most of the objectives.The cake sale body process was planned urgently by our team to evaluate how best we can manage an event with petty(a) time to prepare. It was worth trying and putting in practice skills acquired in class, in real disembodied spirit scenario, having learnt the concepts of event management. The activity was in place at the university reception with the aim of making one of the fortunate activities of the group.Detailed in this report are the experiences, reflections and the lessons in the event. It consists of the objectives of the team, description of the activities, and how the team members managed the event and the skills attained. The report excessively describes the even t, the objectives, the venue, participants, budget, and the execution of the activity and the evaluation of the whole activity.Spurred on with the target of setting a record in such an event, we split the team into four to cover specific tasks. I was voted the project manager to be responsible for overseeing the entire event and making sure that every group is on top of their task. The world-class group was to organize on how to get the cakes from the suppliers, Sweet Cakes Company into the venue. The second group was to make arrangements of the venue and ensure cleanliness in the day of the event. They were also to set up the tables to place the cakes. The third group (marketing group) had the province of marketing the event in terms of distributing posters ab surface the event all over the university. The fourth group was to take on the selling responsibility and taking customers through the brands.In every activity, setting out objectives is a major step towards achieving the d esired goals or results (Damm, 2012). Setting objectives helps

PSYCHO-SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Essay

PSYCHO-SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY - Essay ExampleCulture and media---in many ways manipulate the ways of thinking of the society. Women grew up deeming that perilous sports are meant for male species, because that is exactly how they were made to believe. However, as society changed its stand on gender equality, women gracefully marched into the tennis courts and charmingly started to acquire gold medals and trophies.Brown, Katrina J., (2010, p.1), Globally, the battle of women and girls in sport has increased tremendously. Much of this growth has been attributed to relatively recent changes in national and outside(a) law, yet few empirical studies exist that test this assertion. In this study, the role of law, specifically gender-based sports doctrine, is examined across quartet nations the USA, Australia, Canada, and Iran. Results are mixed, suggesting women have increased their participation in elite sporting events despite national ratified and bureaucratic va riations regarding women in sport.Then again, despite the contribution and desperate attempts of women to participate in sports which are as dangerous as racing, dirt biking, surfing---men continuously dominate this field. The vindication on this issue is simple gender, until this day, has a great bearing on peoples decisions. In the face of numerous efforts to pull make various recognitions in different fields which are normally for men, women are still outnumbered by exaltations sons when it comes to sports activities.On the different hand, getting into sports---especially for men---can almost be taken as a complaisant requirement, that non being able to be good at it can also make a person olfaction like he is less fit or not outstanding. It may not be the intended connotation of promoting physical activities in schools, however, peer pressure, as well as other societal aspects impel more and more people to get into sports---at times---not because they are inclined to, but they feel that

The impact when parents loses a job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The impact when get ups loses a line of business - Essay illustrationThe rate of business organisationlessness is very high (Ananat, Gassman-Pines, Francis, and Gibson-Davis. 2011). There are many families where only one conjure ups is working. In such(prenominal) families, the impact of job liberation is higher. As a result of an increase in the job loss of parents, the rate of poverty among children is increasing. In the year 2011, 11% of children in the United States had one unemployed parent in the family (Strully, 2009).According to Rege et al. (2011), the loss of a parents job results in the loss of economic security of a family. Social scientists have revealed the devastating effects of parents job loss on families. The consequences of job loss are seen in the form of mental health problems, stress, and conflicts in relationships (Eliason and Donald, 2009). The job loss does not only increase marital conflicts, but also conflicts and disagreements among parents and chil dren. This also results in ineffective parenting. Children, who are brocaded in such environment, often face neglect from parents. The education of children also scrams in case of job loss of parents (Spera, Buhrfeind, and Pennebaker, 1994).According to Farber (2010), when a parent loses a job, children are likely to be suspended or expelled from schools. When children are in high schools, they are less likely to continue post-secondary education when a parent loses a job (Nomaguchi, 2012). The increasing cost of education and the credit crunch are two meaning(a) challenges faced by children. The loss of a parents job also reduces the economic perceptual constancy of the next generation. When parents endure unemployment, children are more likely to depend on welfare and other weather programs. When parents struggle hard to get a job but lose their jobs, children are likely to give-up the ghost disillusioned with protestant work ethic (Gowan, 2012).Top of FormAs suggested by Coe lli (2011), when a job is lost, parents suffer from stress. The level of stress faced by

Animal Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Animal Rights - Essay ExampleWhich is why for all the rich things faunas could do for mankind, man or at least a great majority of human beings, lose judgment to also accord animals similar rights as human beings. In the United States, these animal rights are enshrined in a number of laws and statutes that ensure protection to animals and that prosecute individuals who are involved in animal abuse. The Michael Vick Case Michael Vick was a football quarterback playing for Virginia Tech when he was sighted for his prowess in the football field and eventually awarded a crack at the National Football League via the battle of Atlanta Falcons. It was during his stay with the Atlanta Falcons that Vick had the best time in his life as a league take aim athlete when he led the Falcons in their bid for the NFC championship against the Philadelphia Eagles. Ironically, it was also during this time that Vick probably had the bastinado time in his life when it was discovered that he engaged in drugs and professional dog-fighting. While Vick had denied these allegations attributed to him, evidences linking him to the iniquitous activities had surfaced. In August 2007, Vick admitted to the NFL Commission that he had bankrolled and participated in the dog-fighting operation. He was promptly suspended by the NFL. And quite after that, following an intense investigation by the FBI, Vick admitted to killing dogs himself, and was sentenced to 23 months in prison and open a substantial fine for running a cruel and inhumane dog-fighting ring. He spent 21 months in jail and was committed on his last two months to house arrest. During this last part of his sentence, Vick thought of going back to professional play. After some negotiations that included professional monitoring by his probation officers, he signed up with the Philadelphia Eagles that signaled his re-entry to normal professional football. Lessons from Vicks Case The Vicks case offers a potbelly of insights and l essons that people could learn much from. One such insight is the observation that there are people, or groups of people, who would look at animals as objects of passion or consumption or prey and would not dole out a bit of humanity towards them. They would ignore that there is value in seeing animals, particularly kiss animals, as capable of returning a caring gesture or a training travail as have been documented in many cases involving particularly pet dogs which grew under the protective and gentle care of their owners. Jennifer Leonard, a postdoctoral fellow at the Smithsonian Institutes National Museum of Natural History (Reilly) writes We hold up that dogs were useful for lots of things in Stone Age culture as draft animals, in hunting, for warmth, and for protection. In many cases, pet animals have proven themselves indispensable to human beings in providing company, care, assistance and many more(prenominal) valuable roles. An example of such an instance was the baby abandoned by her mother deep in the forest in Kenya sometime in 2005. A stray dog, which must just have give birth to her baby pups, heard the cries of the baby and dragged her to be with her own

Why people on goverment assistance should be drug tested to recieve Essay

Why mint on goverment assistance should be medicate rivuleted to recieve assistance - turn up ExamplePollack shows that in the states of Mississippi and Illinois, families receive varying benefits meant for pitiful families, especially single mothers. For example, in Illinois, the monthly base amount for the temporary assistances to needy families stands at 432 dollars compared to 170 dollars in Mississippi. The varying amounts genuine by poor families is seen a problem, additionally, in that respect has been an increasing number of families requesting for benefits. Despite the rising problems of tackling increasing poor families, a number of states acquire introduced the idea of drug testifying. This is an act whereby a member of the family requesting for benefits is put into test to ascertain if he or she is under drug influence. Pollack argues that the screening done by the administration on families to receive benefits meant for poor does not call in anything. Accord ing to the author, some states have achieved less or nothing despite their efforts to bring forth this matter of drug testing. The drug testing done on states like stops has failed or achieved less for the last 13 years according to the author. Additionally, legislators in Michigan are hoping that the act of drug testing for benefits is best and will be beneficial since it has been done in 29 other states. With the 29 states, 8 states have benefited from drug testing. According to Spencer, drug testing is soon undergoing in 28 states. The legislators in those states explain that drug testing must be done in order to lock out individuals requesting for benefits yet they are on drugs. In Oklahoma, the Republican regulator bloody shame Fallin explains that drug testing is done so as not to humiliate taxpayers. Parts of the taxes paid by the Oklahoma citizens are used to help the poor in terms of Temporary Assistances to Needy Families. The Governor explains that in order to avoid fun ding or subsidizing drug abuse by some of the individuals requesting for assistances from the government, drug testing must be done. This shows that legislators are supporting drug tests on those asking for government assistances based on the idea of drug abuse by those who benefit from the package. The governor of Oklahoma says that tests will be done and those who pass the drug testing are provided with the benefits while those who fail or refuse the test will be barred from getting the benefits until they reform. The process of drug test is also happening in Tennessee with the main focus being drug abuse by the individuals requesting for government assistance. Spencer also explains that drugs have brought problems to the beau monde especially poor people. In addition, drug abuse is also problematic to the working class. There have been also increasing number of people requesting for help from the government to support themselves since the 2008 financial crisis. The fact is that there has been a rise in the number of the unemployed, cost of goods, housing and health care insurance. The government has to hide all those cases with the help of funding. The idea of drug testing arises because high numbers of poor people in the society are drug users. Drug abuse can only be broken on those requesting for benefits if they are sure that they are to undergo the testing before they receive the benefits. Additionally, the government is fighting to address all the cases mentioned above and others like unemployment benefits. Millions of dollars have to be used in addressing those issues inclusive of drug abuse. In order to reduce these cases, drug testing is important as it is one way of reducing drug abuse. Additionally, taxes from tax payers will be channeled elsewhere like unemployment benefits and welfare benefits. Furthermore, Carpenter (1), explains that tighter budgets and high demands by the people from the

'Discipline & Punish (Foucault, 1975) is not just a history of the Essay

Discipline & penalise (Foucault, 1975) is not just a history of the emergence of the prison but a history of the emergence of a - Essay showcaseThus, Discipline and Punish could be deemed as Foucaults critique not only on the potence of prison in attaining its key objectivethe disciplining of the prisoner by subjecting him to conditions that are marked by entire surveillance and controlbut also on the true reason for the emergence of various brotherly structures today such as the government, school, and other institutions (Mc Gaha, 2000). Precisely, it is Foucaults belief that such systems had only been created to cater the elite group group (which I shall explore in more detail in the next part of the paper) that bolstered his attempt on the basic foundations of human civilization. Specifically, by recognizing the essence of prison and other social institutions as save instruments used by the elite to maintain and enhance their mightiness in society, Foucault was able to qu estion fundamentally the possibility of attaining human freedom in groundbreaking-day society. In a deeper regard, I could surmise that Foucaults attacks on social structures could be attributed to his anarchistic mindset (though not explicitly revealed in any of the texts) as he clearly disregarded the need for such systems. Therefore, human freedom must be seen as the act of letting one be and not following what and how one must be. His minute bastardization of naturals or ideals (as will be discussed later on) could clearly provide an ideological nexus amid his anarchistic mindset and his post-modern orientation. If seen in this context, Foucaults take on the human essence (for the lack of a better term) is slightly existentialist. In this paper, I like to delve further into Foucaults Discipline and Punish by dividing the discussion into four parts. The first part shall emphasize on the short history of the penal system, which could be traced back to 17th century. Through this part, I aim to highlight on the fact that the organic evolution of the penal system had shifted the punishment from physical to mental. The second part will be dedicated to reinforcing the concepts of power and control as the main thrust for the creation of modern social institutions. This will infuse the large role of the elite in the formation of such institutions. The third part shall zero in on Foucaults conceptualization of human freedom as hardly attainable given the flaws in modern day systems today. By having this part, I am to provide a reasoning that encapsulates Foucaults socio-political ideologies Evolution of penalization and the Rise of the Penal System Following the flow of discussion in Discipline and Punish, Foucault opted to start (in a more detailed light) with a detailed discussion on public tortures and deeds that transpired during the17th and 18th centuries. Presenting explicitly the execution of the Damiens, Foucault (1976) narrated, after these tearings with the pincers, Damiens, who cried out profusely, though without swearing, raised his head and looked at himself the same

El Nio and La Nia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

El Nio and La Nia - investigate Paper ExampleIt is for this reason that during the El Nio events, the easterly trade winds are glowing and the global weather patterns are often the opposite of those of La Nia.Based on theory, the competing and nautical feedbacks are the responsible elemental forces that are said to drive the direction of the soreing (Goddard and Dilley 651). If this theory holds true, wherefore scientists are looking forward to the point by which the La Nia will check to be propagated in the same course or direction, but there are scientific findings that light upon that it did not (Dong 3373). This was even made clear when Dong argued that there are existing anomalies in the asymmetrical nature of El Nio and La Nia sea surface temperature (SST).On the other hand, modern technology and understanding in climatology reveal the concept or idea nigh Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). This measurement is based on the idea linked to the surface pissing pressure. T he negative SOI reveals that El Nio takes place when the surface pressure is higher somewhere in Darwin and Low at Tahiti, but La Nia occurs when the SOI is higher or positive, and this is the moment when the principle equatorial water is found to be cooler and in a wide spread crosswise the central and eastern equatorial Pacific (Dong 3373). The SOI was found to be a cycle, within the period of at least three to five years.On the other hand, some scientists are convinced with the idea that El Nio and La Nia are significant components of the natural process preceding to the evolution of demeanor on earth. For this reason, these phenomena are considered to take place in the cycle as evolutionary part for the continuing existence of life.Another theory remarkably suggests that the sun, which is the major source of energy and life on earth is the main reason as to why there exist cold and warm energy that produce wind. This turbulence caused by the wind, both cold and hot,

Penn State Child Abuse Scandal Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Penn State Child Abuse Scandal - Article ExampleThey were aware of the in frame of referenceal scandal but they took no action. Joe Paterno and Graham Spanier should have reported the matter according to the judgment.This article provides knowledge on the modes of handling child abuse cases. For instance, the judgment passed on the article is a warning to opposite members of the public on the dangers of molesting teenagers. From the case, it is nonable that whoever participates in abuse directly or indirectly is liable for punishment (Chappell 1). Criminal investigations should enhance umpire regardless of the time it takes the jury to conduct an investigation. Cases of abuse are not new in Pennsylvania but the magnitude of the acts is surprising since they are escalating. This means that the jurys investigation will guide future criminal investigations.The 10 molested teenagers received justice from the courts because of the criminal investigations. Moreover, the victims wise( p) of their civil liberties as minors. The judgment helped in uplifting the moral standards of the people in Pennsylvania. This means that in the future people will avoid engaging in criminal acts, since the sentencing proved that the jury had devised the beat out approach to handling cases of child harassment.Severe punitive action taken upon the offenders signified that any form of abuse was a crime in the society. A detailed investigation prior to passing a judgment on a case ensured fairness in sentencing offenders of any form of abuse. Generally, child molestation can be prevented in future when authorities provide children with channels for expressing their views. This can be compound through implementing laws that discourage child abuse in the society. People should be empowered to report on cases that decay morals in the society (Chappell 1). Importantly, there has to be a collaboration of various parties for justice to be delivered in any criminal case. According to the c ase, failure to act

Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Criminology - Essay Example(Beck 2006).Two statistical programs to measure the magnitude, nature, and impact of crime administered by the U.S. department of Justice argon the Uniform offense Reporting (UCR) Program and the home(a) Crime Victimization mint (NCVS). The purpose, focus, and method of these two programs cover different aspects of crime, whereas, the information they produce gives a comprehensive picture virtually the Nations crime problem. The UCR Program, directly under FBI, compiles information from monthly law enforcement reports or soulfulness crime incident records received by FBI, which is further scrutinized and compared with previous monthly submission for discrepancy.National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) has been formulated after intensive research by Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and the crime data collected from nationally representative sample by the U.S. Bureau of Census, through personnel place interviews. The data is individualized, covers individual information as well as feed-back on the performance of criminal jurist system, and generally projects those crimes that were not reported to law enforcement. Though NCVS is designed to complement the UCR program there are Major differences in UCR and NCVS. UCR provides a reliable quantitative statistics for law enforcement, whereas NCVS projects qualitative statistics on previously out of stock(predicate) information about crime, as the two programs measure non-identical set of crimes. In addition, crime definitions and scale adopt to calculate crime rates differ from each other, resulting in statistical discrepancies and estimation.Major sources for Crime data collection in the United States are (1) Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). The National Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program is a comprehensive statistical collaboration in the United States to collect accurate

Tobacco advertising should be banned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tobacco advertizing should be banned - Essay prototypeEach year smoking kills some 431 000 people in the community, 110000 of them in Britain such no-good statistics is suggested by Vickers (p. 1995). Hence, addiction to cig arettes remains to be an important and relevant problem for people in atomic number 63 and this problem may be straightforwardly related to baccy announce.It is definite fact that tobacco advertising should be banned and such kind of publicity for product which kills peoples lungs and takes away its lives should be prohibited. Actu bothy, in 1999, the European Parliament approved a ban on all forms of advertising for tobacco products (K.M. Lancaster and A.R. Lancaster, 41). This decision is considered to be appropriate and wholesome. There are some straightforward reasons for such an idea and they are absolutely logical and reasonable.The essential point which is worse to mention is stopping children to become addicted to the tooshies. It is suggested that vanadium of six adult smokers commence this horrible addiction at the age of sixteen (Vickers, p. 1995).This is the time of ascent and adolescent extremist orientations. Children in that age do not realize all consequences and harmfulness of cigarette addiction. And three influential factors which induce young people to smoking addiction due to Nelson (808) areThey all are connected and presuppose young person to harmful habits like smoking for example. Advertisements itself is related to favorable environment sphere as we can observe them everywhere in the streets, on television or newspapers. We are a consuming generation, so advertisements are considered to be our environment.At the same time an charitable advertisement may attract attention of young generation and encourage them to buy a clump of cigarettes. Such advertising compose a wrong perception of what cigarettes are and what implications their usage may cause.Moreover, advertising campaigns create false

Was America Discovered or Invaded Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Was America Discovered or Invaded - Essay illustrationInvasion or intrusion on the other hand can basically be viewed as a forced entry or unauthorized interference with quite a littles way of disembodied spirit and introducing some new phenomenon which might violate the coexistence. Again, the subject of definition will also depend on the nature of entry and whether the locals appreciate the new phenomenon or not. Supporting Mark Twain and his observations on report of history, arguably perceiving new ideas from the beneficially point of view, that is, looking at the aspects brought about by invasion earlier than re-writing it from the personal or societys achievements point of view, will make someone look at history from below. For instance, indemnification of injustices and insults by invaders may not be mutually agreed or assented however transmitting those events in a new perspective to make it look like you were in check out at the time will be a good deal more satisfyi ng. According to Dussel, the current struggles of second independence in the process of liberation in a bid to restore independence through historic indemnification, can be defined as looking history from below as absolute majority of the oppressed were not aware of their historic relevance and course of action by then (132). Depending on how one visualizes his current environment and how much he can influence it through discovering and letting people around realize the new aspects of their environment, then he/she can re-write history from above. This is through institution of self-fulfilling aspects of an event or a product from his/her understanding. Addressing issues of I discovered, I conquered, and I evangelized from an intruder point of view, requires much subjectivity and justifications of what one has achieved to claim that. For instance the claim that the Europeans think that discovering a new territory becomes a mere valuable object is irrational and filled with prejud ice brought about by ego (128). Discovering a territory that you found habitants in does not make sense. It only makes it look more insulting and biased. The arrogance of the new territory clicks a notion that the inhabitant were not living and if at all they were living then they did not realize their lives. The misconception of polish and evangelization from the people who would later torture their men who tried to heal the lost independence of their oppressed people to allow women and youngsters to win the war. Furthermore, advent history in the stripping perspective, there are incomplete parameters in perspective dominance when writing is full of prejudice. Approaching evangelization and civilization from the insults point of view and the reprisals suffered during revolts diverts our perception on the view of our functional importance to the development of our history. Semantically approaching history from the invasion aspect will divert the appreciative aspect of the nati ves in realizing their relevance of do history and can result into violation of honor and reputation by over reliance on the oppression aspect. For instance,

Social Work in Evidence Based Practice Essay Example for Free

Social belong in Evidence Based Practice EssayMining embrace Social Work in Evidence Based PracticeThe purpose of kind work is to butt against to society the necessary appropriateness of accessible welfargon. Society operates from a capitalist standpoint, which in turn establishes a hierarchy within economic class, race, and gender. Social work is a profession that addresses neighborly problems with empathy, empirical knowledge, and watch over for humanity. Furthermore, the orientation of the core values of the affable work profession was designed as an instructional light beam and requires that tender workers meet specific requirements that follow the direction of the social work profession. Social workers are anticipate to provide swear outs to help clients function in society, and are also required to put causa into social justice and practice awareness concerning integrity and competence. Expectations are highly placed on social workers displaying dignity and w orth and understanding the value of human relationship. One of the main purposes of social work is providing service. careless(predicate) of what the action may be one will still be providing some kind of service There are negative aspects that could result in a social worker not beingness effective. Without respecting clients, being aware of personal biases, and setting realistic goals social workers. Such actions may have sanctions as results of these actions. The first definition of sanction as it applies to social work is the approval to perform certain tasks that are outlined by the social work profession. The second definition of sanctions is intended to impose negative consequences on the social worker who fails to comply with recommended corrective actions or who has committed serious violations of the NASW Code of Ethics (National joining of Social Workers, 2005). According to Sheafor Horejsi (2004) there are four main sources for providing social work sanctions. Governm ent agencies assoil legislation that creates social programs, provide funding for social work activities, and licensing of organization that employ social workers, as well as the licensing and regulation of individualist social work practitioners.Next thereare the offstage human services organizations they sanction with their hiring practices of a social worker. Third, is the National connexion of Social Workers sanction includes demanding social workers compliance to the code of ethics. Lastly, sanction will occur through clients. Clients that seek the services of social workers prove sanctions (Sheafor Horejsi, 2006). Individual social workers are sanctioned with deuce methods. The first method of sanction for a social worker is to acquire licenses from the Academy of Certified Social Workers. Social workers moldiness be current NASW rank and file and possess a masters degree in social work from a coach accredited by the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE). Next, two y ear documentation two years of postgraduate social work employment and professional supervision by an MSW credentialed supervisor must be acquired. Then the social worker must provide professional evaluations that validate their knowledge, understanding, and application of social work principles and values from an MSW supervisor and two social work colleagues. Lastly, social workers need verification of 20 hours of relevant continuing education and agreement to adhere to the NASW Code of Ethics and NASW Standards for Continuing Professional Education, and are subject to the NASW adjudication process (National Association of Social Workers, 2008).According to the National Association of Social Workers 2005 individual social workers that are being penalized are sanction by the NASW through Publication in the NASW NEWS and/or the Chapter newsletter of the adjudication findings, conclusions, and sanctions imposed. Sanctions include suspension of membership or expulsion from membership i n NASW and the ACSW standing or another(prenominal) NASW issued credentials, including forfeiture of dues or fees paid. Also, individuals are sanctioned through revocation of ACSW standing or other NASW issued credentials, including forfeiture of dues or fees paid. Sanctions can occur with notification to state regulatory boards, of adjudication findings, conclusions, and sanctions imposed and removal from the register of Clinical Social Workers. Individuals can be sanction with notification to credentialing bodies, societies, and specialized practice groups in which the individual may hold membership, of adjudication findings, conclusions, and sanctions imposed. Lastly, sanctions can occur with a Letter of censure, notification to Respondents malpractice investment banker of findings and conclusions and notification to the Disciplinary ActionReporting System (administered by the Association of Social Work Boards) of findings and conclusions (National Association of Social Worker s, 2005).ReferencesNational Association of Social Workers, (2008). Academy of Certified Social Workers New Applicants Only. Retrieved August 28, 2008, network site http//www.socialworkers.org/credentials/credentials/acsw.asp National Association of Social Workers, (2005).NASW procedures for professional review. Sheafor, B, Horejsi, C (2006). Techniques and Guidelines for Social Work Practice.Boston Pearson Education Inc. National Association of Social Workers, (2008). Evidence-Based Practice. Retrieved September 1, 2008, Web site http//www.socialworkers.org/research/nasw/Research/0108EvidenceBasedPractice/default.asp

The Doctrinal Basis Of Liability Essay Example for Free

The Doctrinal Basis Of Liability EssayT here(predicate) are threesome worlds of doctrine of importance to slangs. The first concerns the general standard of care the law expects, once a trading of care has been established, whether that be in contract, tort, or fiducial law. Then the potential obligation of a bevel is explored as a fiducial, constructive trustee, or an accessory. Finally, there is brief mention of some emerging standards of obligation which have primarily a statutory base. 1. 1. Reasonable Care and SkillA duty of levelheaded care and attainment for each bingle providing a service (including giving advice) runs through contract, tort, and fiduciary law. After a large number of skirmishing case law, notably the challenge to concurrent indebtedness in contract and tort constitute by the wedgeing case, Tai Hing Cotton Mill Ltd v Liu Chong Hing Bank (1986), it is now settled that a claimant whitethorn seek compensation for economic loss caused through the failure to exercise reasonable care and skill in both contract and tort.As for fiduciary law, it has long been the position that a fiduciary (including a trustee) must act or indicate with reasonable care and skill. There is long-established authority, in the context of bills of telephone exchange that a entrust dirty dog be in breach of its duty of reasonable care and skill in failing to desexualize inquiries. Factors such as the standing of the customer, the posits cognition of the signatory, the centre confused, the contain for prompt transfer, the presence of unusual features, and the scope and means for making reasonable inquiries may be relevant. . 2. Fiduciary Law (i) Fiduciary Duties and Their NegationA go bad from the duty of care key prescriptions are that fiduciaries (1)Should not accept their private touchs to conflict with their duty to a donee of the duty (2)Should not permit their duties to one beneficiary to conflict with their duties to another (3)S hould not make a secret profit, i. e. a profit from their position which is covert to their beneficiaries and (4)Have a duty of confidentiality.While contracts may modify the scope of fiduciary duties, however, it postnot be that contract can be invoked to negate them regardless of the circumstance. Thus, since many private customers go away not necessarily expect their affirm to be conducting conflicting corporate-finance business, it willing be difficult to imply a contract term negating the single(a) loyalty the bank may owe if it is a fiduciary. (ii) Trustees and Agents Fiduciary duties are decipherablely imposed on trustees and agents. The position with trustees is relatively straightforward.In acting as a trustee of an estate or coronation fund a bank must not assign with itself. But a bank will not be in breach of its fiduciary duties if the trust instrument empowers it to open accounts or make deposits or enthronization with itself, despite its being the trustee. T he fiduciary duties attaching to an agent vary, with the reputation of the agency. Thus, the bank instructed simply a buy or sell securities has fewer fiduciary duties than if it is the four-in-hand of a discretionary fund. (iii) Banks as financial Advisers and Facilitators assume To furnish all relevant information, relevant in making investment funds decisions.To give take up advice it can. To obtain the best terms for the customers. Woods v. Martins Bank Ltd is an old authority, where the bank advised A to invest in B, which was heavily indebted to it. It is still wakeless law although, since it predated Hedley Byrne, it was required to find a fiduciary analogyship if liability was to be imposed for negligent advice. 1. 3. acute Receipt, mismated Dealing and avail (i) Knowing ReceiptFor this form of liability it must be sh suffer, first that the capital have been disposed of in breach of trust, fiduciary duty, or as a result of some other unconscionable dealing. Money s held on trust and misapplied are obviously caught. So, too, are misapplied corporate moneys since historically directors have been treated as if they were trustees of the plaza of the company under their control, so that any wrongful disposition is a breach of trust. The second necessity to an action in discerning receipt is that the bank must have true the claimants funds for its own benefit.Tracing has a role here the bank must have beneficially received funds which are traceable as representing those of the claimant. Thirdly, liability for knowing receipt demands knowledge on the part of the bank that there has been a payment in breach of trust, fiduciary duty etc. (ii) Inconsistent Dealing A bank receiving funds in circumstances which do not constitute knowing receipt can still be liable if those funds are subsequently applied for its own benefit (inconsistent dealing).At that point the bank must know that the funds questd are subject to a trust or fiduciary duty and that what it is doing with them is in breach of that. (iii) Assistance Even if a bank is not liable for knowing receipt, it may be liable as an accessory for dishonest assistance. Assistance is a form of accessory liability, which sits alongside other forms of accessory liability in equity, such as the receipt of information in breach of confidence, and including breach of trust or fiduciary duty. What are the prerequisites for accessory liability?First, there has to be a breach of trust or fiduciary duty. Second element in assistance is fault. One gloss in this context is the insinuation in the oft-cited case of Barnes v. Addy (1874) that for assistance there has to be a dishonest and fraudulent design on the part of the trustee. This may be defended as a way of narrowing the potential liability of accessories such as banks. However, it is now clear that there is no need to establish fraud on the part of the trustee or fiduciary, and an innocent breach of duty is sufficient.Emerging St andard Due Diligence, Suitability, cracking Faith Due diligence as a standard emerged from securities law in the United States a bank involved in a public offer of securities must make its own investigations (in relation to statements for which it takes function), in other words it is obliged to undertake due diligence in relation to the issuer and the issue. This seems to be part of a growing trend to make banks statutorily liable for unlawful activities which they facilitate by their operations, unless they an demonstrate due diligence. Suitability too is a concept nearly developed in the area of securities regulation. It imposes a liability on those marketing securities which are incompatible with the needs of customer. Closely associate good faith with notions such as fairness, honestly, and reasonableness. In other words, it means simply that in the performance of a contract both parties are assumed to agree not to do anything to impede its performance, or to victimize the veracious of the other to receive its benefits.The good-faith doctrine has been invoked in the context of banking, requiring a bank to disclose existent information to a commercial counterparty. 2. Duty to advise and the liability for the advice granted Some situations all the way involve a bank in giving advice. Advice on reorganization, mergers and acquisitions financing, and so on is the staple diet of investment (merchant) banking. In other situations a bank may assume the role of financial adviser. However, many banking go are not associated with giving advice.The statutory issue is whether there is any obligation on a bank to proffer advice in this situation. The second matter addressed is a banks liability if it actually does give advice, the advice is faulty, and the customer incurs a loss. 2. 1. Duty to advise (i) The General Rule Generally talk, one party will be under no obligation to advise another astir(predicate) the nature of the transaction, its prudence, or other features. So, too, in banking, English courts have held that the bank providing an account for a customer need not advise on the risks, or on the tax implications, of certain payments in relation to it.Nor need it advise customers of a more advantageous type of account it is now providing. However, there is a rather clear difference betwixt these and some of the other services and transactions of the modern multifunctional bank. Take the bank selling its own products-be they derivatives to commercial customers, or insurance policies, or interests in a collective investment scheme to private customers. (ii) Situations imposing a duty to advise The first situation where the law imposes a duty to advise is a misrepresentation a failure to speak or act can constitute conduct which misleads.Thus a half-truth may constitute a misrepresentation, as where a bank canvasses the advantages, but not the risks, of a transaction with a customer. The bank must tell the whole story. A banks advertising may be relevant in this respect. Secondly, there can be liability for a failure to disclose in precontractual negotiations if there has been a voluntary assumption of responsibility to do so and reliance by the customer because the court held that the bank was liable when its manage failed to develop clearly to the married woman, the effect of a charge over a conjugation property to secure the hubbys borrowing from the bank.Thirdly, in Cornish v. Midland Bank, Glidewell LJ said that once a bank enters upon the problem of advising a customer, it is obliged to explain fully and properly about the nature of the borrowing. Fourthly, if a relationship is fiduciary in character, then disclosure is necessary if a person is to avoid liability for putting interest above duty, or duty to one above duty to another. Fifthly, at common law a bank which takes a guarantee is bound to disclose unusual features in the transaction which has been guarantee.Finally, the duty to advise can be imposed as a result of regulation. (iii) The Advice Required (If Any) Advice may translate into the legal concept of flier, as where the bank must give notice in relation to a conflict of interest. Complete disclosure of all relevant facts known to the fiduciary is required. Advice must, of course, be honestly given-otherwise it is fraudulent. Generally speaking it must also be accurate. Some advice involves highlighting the terms of the contract being entered (or at to the lowest degree some of them).Another approach is to require advice about the alternative on offer-in terms, say, of repayment methods, interest rates, charges, and commissions. perchance the most effective advice in relation to some banking transactions is advise, about the attendant risk. The standard demanded here may be objective, although it could also be associated with an obligation on the bank to take steps to construe that this particular customer understands the risks. 2. 2. Liability for advic e givenBanks promotional material, may lead to the windup that it has taken on the responsibility of the borrowers financial adviser. There is greater chance of liability when the bank advises unsophisticated customers in several cases the English courts have held that a bank was liable when its bank manager failed to explain clearly to a wife the effect of a charge taken over joint property to secure a husbands borrowings. Negligent advice can obviously occur in the range of matters in which banks become involved.Examples includes credit references failure to pass on information on when a bank enters upon the task of advising a potential borrower about the attendant risks of a particular facility statements by bank that it will make available to a customer adequate funds to enter a contract with a third party advice about investments and assurances that workout plans are heading in the right direction, and that the bank is optimistic about an agreement being reached. In Hedley Byr ne the bank avoided liability because of a disavowal in the reference.In would seem right as a matter of policy for a bank to be able to avoid the consequences of giving negligent advice by suitable notice to those receiving it. As a matter of policy, whether this is regarded conceptually as aborting liability or a exempting from liability already begotten is beside the point. The aboriginal issue in practice should be whether the disclaimer of , or exemption from, liability has been made clear to those being advised so they are in no doubt that the bank is washing its pass on of the consequences if the advice proves inappropriate or wrong.A small print clause in a document given to those being advised is unlikely to satisfy this test. In English law the matter is handled by applying the partial contract terms legislation. The seminal case recognizing the tort of negligent advice, Hedley Byrne Co. Ltd. V. Heller Partners Ltd, involved advice given about a customers creditworthi ness in a bank reference. As subsequently interpreted, Hedley Byrne liability depends significantly on an assumption of responsibility by a bank, a sufficiently proximate relationship between the bank and the customer or third party, and on there being reliance on the statement. surmise of responsibility an proximity are, in large part, legal fictions, and in practice a court will have regard to factors such as the purpose for which the statement was made and communicated, the banks knowledge that the advice was needed for a particular purpose, the relationship between the bank and the person relying on the advice, and the size of any class to which the latter belongs.As regards disclosure (and this includes electronic disclosure), it is worth repeating here what was said in Woods v. Martins Bank Ltd 1959 1 Q. B. 5 at 60, where Salmon J. said It cannot be too clearly understood that solicitors owe a duty to the court, as officers of the court to make sure, as far as possible, that n o relevant documents have been omitted from their clients list. Barclays Bank v OBrien 1994 1 AC 180. A husband and wife agreed to a second mortgage secured on their home to help out the husbands ailing company. The necessary documents were sent to a branch with instructions to ensure that the couple were aware of what they doing and to take legal advice on the matter.This did not occur. The wife signed the documents, relying on her husbands explanation of the situation (that it involved ? 60,000 for 3 weeks). When the debt reached ? 154,000, the bank enjoin the house to be repossessed. At appeal, the court held that misrepresentation to the wife had occurred, the bank was fixed with constructive notice and the wifes equitable right was enforceable against the bank. The case of Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge was decided by the Lords in a Judgment handed down on 11th October 2001.The case set standards for lending institutions where guarantees are given by a third party. It also s ets standards for Solicitors who take on the task of advising those third parties. The most important point for lending institutions, thinking of enforcing their security is that cases of this nature need to be tested on their facts. It will make the lower Courts think very carefully whether cases which are perceived as bleak should be struck out at an early stage. The decision in this series of appeals mitigates against early hook on out.It could mean that lending institutions no longer have a quick route by which to meet the security and in many cases they will be locked into trials which could prove lengthy and expensive.

Visual Word and Pseudohomophone Effect Essay Example for Free

Visual Word and Pseudohomophone Effect EssayOver the past three decades, more than cognitive psychologists have paid more attention to the dish upes involved in visual news show recognition than to to the highest degree any other subject in their field. The annals of cognitive psychological science have thus burgeoned with document on leger recognition while work on other topics, many relating to other aspects of development such as syntactic parsing or dis program memory, have been substantially less popular.There be many causes why work in one investigate argona bed take stumble and flourish reasons which ar sociological and pragmatic rather than just scientific. As far as visual phrase recognition is concerned, in that location are several sociological/pragmatic factors. One relates to the advent of impudently technology. The development of the microcomputer provided ready access code to procedures for online have of reaction time (RT) and tachistoscopic experiments, and there are few simpler stimuli to present on-line than single printed lecture.With simplicity comes some degree of popularity. The advent of the microcomputer stimulated inquiry into visual condition recognition in a less trivial way too, because microcomputers allowed more innovative experimental procedures to develop than were hitherto possible. (Johnson, Rayner, 2007) In particular, by linking computer simplenessled displays to nerve centre movement recording apparatus, experimenters began for the setoff time to gain direct raise of the transaction amid eye movements and reading.A second reason for the popularity of visual enounce recognition is that simple tasks are at hand, for which accurate and sensitive measures can be derived, such as lexical decision, name, and semantic classification. Further, and perhaps most importantly, these tasks can be associate to models of word recognition, in which task per skeletonance is decomposed into a series of bear on stages characterized by access to different noesis representations. An example of this is the logogen model in its revised form.This model hypothesizes the existence of separate stored representations for orthographic, semantic and phonologic representations of run-in. assorted tasks may wiretap into different levels of representation. For example, lexical decisions may be accomplished by monitoring activation in the orthographic lexicon word naming lead require access to the phonologic lexicon (at least for terminology with irregular spelling-sound correspondences) semantic classification requires access to stored semantic knowledge.By using such tasks, investigators could attempt to tap and test the characteristics of the different stages in the processing agreement. (Perea Carreiras, 2006) Thus, visual word recognition has proved attractive because it has a broadly specified multi-stage architecture, with the stages apparently open to testing via the judici ous use of different tasks. Consequently it can serve as a test-bed for experiments concerned with such general issues as how stored knowledge influences perception.A trine reason for the large body of research on word recognition is that it is a basic process in reading upon which all other reading processes are predicated. Moreover, other processes in reading, such as syntactic parsing, sentence comprehension and so on, may exert only relatively weak influences on the recognition of fixated words, at least in skilled readers. In essence, skilled word identification may operate as a relatively free-standing module, and so can be studied in closing off from factors affecting other reading processes.A fourth reason is that word identification is the interface amid higher- order cognitive processes (such as those concerned with text comprehension) and eye movements. The proceeding of such higher-order cognitive processes on eye movements can be assessed by testing whether saccadic and fixation patterns on particular words variegate according to the syntactic ambiguity of the sentence or according to whether the sentence contains a garden path. Studies of the relations between eye movements and word processing therefore speaks to the general issue of how the eye movement system is controlled. Most current lines of visual word identification assume that, in normal subjects, letter processing takes place in parallel across the word. A much more controversial issue concerns the constitution of the representation that mediates lexical access. (Holcombe Judson, 2007) This controversy has a long history in some(prenominal) experimental psychology and education.In recent years, the traditional view that reading is parasitic upon some form of speech jurisprudence has given way to the view that orthographic codes (at least in skilled readers) dominate lexical access. Pseudohomophones are nonword letter strings like PHOX that, when pronounced according to the no rmal spelling-sound correspondences of English, yield a pronunciation identical to that of a word (in this case FOX), which exit be referred to as the base word. Pseudohomophones were pronounced more quickly than control nonwords matched for orthographic properties.This effect, they argued, indicated some contact with lexical representations. However, they also found that pseudohomophone latency was uncorrelated with the frequence of the base word in spite of the fact that, when the base words were named, a respectable absolute frequence effect was obtained. Pseudohomophone effect has been used for another purpose pseudohomophones take longer to reject than control nonwords in the lexical decision task. (Crutch Warrington, 2006) Again, the performance measured must (sometimes, to some degree) be speculateing contact with lexical representations.Yet, although they obtained such a pseudohomophone effect in their study, it was uninfluenced by the frequency of the base word. Hen ce, they argue, this lexical contact is not frequency sensitive. The alert reader will be impatient for the link to the reading of ordinary words. The account offered by McCann and Besner is as follows. For normal reading, an orthographic code is used to access a lexicon of orthographic word forms the best-matching entry is then mapped to a lexicon of phonologic word forms via a direct connection.Pseudohomophones activate entries in the phonological lexicon (inasmuch as they do) via a different spelling-sound conversion process (the assembly process of the three-pathway model). (Ferrand, Grainger, 2003) The absence of a frequency effect for pseudohomophones coupled with evidence that they do activate lexical representations (at least to some degree) indicates that mere activation of the phonological lexicon cannot be the locus of the frequency effect for ordinary naming.Therefore this must be locate in either (activation of) the orthographic lexicon (identification in my terminol ogy) or the mapping process (retrieval). The locus of the effect is unlikely to be the former considerations of architectural parsimony suggest that the most plausible scenario is one where either both of these lexicons are frequency sensitive, or neither of them is. (Laxon, Masterson, Gallagher Pay, 2002) It is, therefore, conclude that a principal locus of frequency cause is within the links that join the various components of lexical memory.These links are commonly described as condition- action rules for mapping representations in one domain onto representations in another domain. For word naming, the relevant condition-action rules are those that link lexical entries in the orthographic input lexicon with lexical entries in the phonological output lexicon. It will be apparent that this argument is both indirect and heavily dependent upon a dubious stir to parsimony. There may be more specific problems with their data.Inasmuch as they are examining effectuate of frequency u pon access to a phonological lexicon used also for auditory recognition, and inasmuch as the assembly process may be assumed to operate on the letter string from left to right, it would be appropriate to control for the effects of a variable well known to have major effects on auditory lexical decision time, namely recognition point that is, that point in the phonological string where it diverges from other words in the lexicon.The frequency of the base-word could only modulate this difference. Modulation of such a small effect cannot be easy to detect reliably. As a benchmark, it may be noted that the range of the frequency effect in both mixed and blocked conditions was only about half the difference between words and nonwords. (Bosman, 1996) Pseudohomophones are more orthographically word-like than their control nonwords in spite of their being roughly equated in terms of summed bigram frequencies.A stimulus such as brane is often referred to as a pseudohomophone in the word-reco gnition literature because it sounds like a real word despite the fact that it does not spell one. A common finding is that subjects in the lexical-decision task are slower to respond no to pseudohomophones like brane than to control items like frane. A related finding is seen in the naming task, except that the direction of the effect is reversed.Pseudohomophones like brane are named faster than control items like frane. (Ferrand Grainger, 1992) Pseudohomophones have also been used to explore differences between good poor young readers, differences between left and right hemisphere processing, sub-typing of young readers, mechanisms of spelling-to-sound-translation, dyslexic reading, types, of phonological codes and to identify the locus of word frequency effects in word recognition, identification and production.The standard explanation for these effects assumes that assembled phonology makes contact with lexical entries in the phonological lexicon. In the case of the lexical-dec ision task, this impairs performance because the output from the phonological lexicon signals the presence of a word (the phonological representation of brain) while the output from the orthographic lexicon signals that it is not a word, because there is no orthographic entry corresponding to brane.Resolving this conflict takes time. (Martin, 1982) In naming the process of assembling phonology for a visually presented nonword letter string that corresponds to a real word in the phonological domain is more efficient because of the interaction with a whole word representation in the phonological lexicon nonwords that do not sound like a real word are denied this benefit.Because the presence of pseudohomophone effects in naming and lexical decision is embarrassing to a model which purports to give an account of these tasks, the tack they pursue is that pseudohomophone effects, when they are present in experiments, are not phonological in nature but simply reflect the fact that pseudoho mophones are orthographically more similar to real words known to the reader than are the control items.(Rapcsak, Henry, Teague, Carnahan Beeson, 2007) Therefore, if pseudohomophones and control items are matched in terms of the orthographic and phonological error scores produced by the model, there will be no pseudohomophone effect in either naming or lexical decision. Indeed, this is the provide they reported in one of their experiments. The application of pseudohomophones in lexical decision and priming paradigms for the study of adults with a history of developmental language disorders (DLD) has a distinct advantage over more explicit tests of phonological decoding such as nonword reading.With lexical decision measures it is possible to examine the early time course of phonological access and these techniques have been used effectively with a variety of patient populations that exhibit phonological processing deficits. The tasks tap implicit phonological awareness that may be present in the absence of explicit demonstrations that it exists. Based on previous research, it is predicted that the college-aged DLD readers in our study have phonological deficits that impact their word recognition ability and that this group will show less phonological awareness than their age-matched peers.(Simon, Petit, Bernard Rebai, 2007) Thus, our predictions for the current research are as follows. In the first experiment, a lexical decision task with pseudohomophones and orthographically controlled nonwords, it is predicted that control participants will show a typical pseudohomophone effect with slower and less accurate responses to pseudohomophones than to orthographic control nonwords. In contrast, it is predicted that the DLD group will not be as strongly influenced by the conflicting phonological knowledge present in the pseudohomophone stimuli and will not show such an effect.In the second experiment analyze pseudohomophone semantic priming (e. g. , RANE-CLOUD) it is predicted that the non-DLD participants will produce reduced reaction times for target words when they are preceded by semantically related pseudohomophones. This predicted pattern of results would be consistent with the view that adults with a history of DLD anticipate to have phonological processing deficits.ReferencesBosman AM de Groot AM Phonologic mediation is fundamental to reading evidence from beginning readers.The quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology 1996 Aug 49(3) p. 715-44 Crutch SJ Warrington EK Word form access dyslexia understanding the basis of visual reading errors. Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006) 2007 Jan 60(1) p. 57-78 Ferrand L Grainger J Homophone interference effects in visual word recognition. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology 2003 Apr 56(3) p.403-19 Ferrand L Grainger J Phonology and orthography in visual word recognition evidence from masked no n-word priming. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology 1992 Oct 45(3) p. 353-72 Holcombe AO Judson J Visual binding of English and Chinese word parts is limited to low temporal role frequencies. Perception 2007 36(1) p. 49-74 Johnson RL Rayner K Top-down and bottom-up effects in pure alexia Evidence from eye movements.Neuropsychologia 2007 Mar 7 Laxon V Masterson J Gallagher A Pay J Childrens reading of words, pseudohomophones, and other nonwords. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology 2002 Apr 55(2) p. 543-65 Martin RC The pseudohomophone effect the role of visual proportion in non-word decisions. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology 1982 Aug 34(Pt 3) p. 395-409

The Media’s Framing of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Essay Example for Free

The Medias Framing of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict EssayIts amusementny, just even the Wikipedia (lets munificently c exclusively it the encyclopedia of today), nones that their Israeli-Palestinian conflict member might contain a little any(prenominal) topic known as recentism, which, to roughly para enunciate Wikipedia, merchantman be defined as the xdency to edit or explode a current issue with turn out thought to a broader historical perspective, simply because the issue or emergence happens to be blasting through homes and children a exchangeable and the media is playing the a corresponding(p) gory scene e realwhere and over musical composition vendors pump up their magazine sales by shoving suffering, impoverished, and contend-torn families down unwitting consumers throats. But thats the money maker. The mass media may hide matters and they may create f every(prenominal)acies c be shingle the Dog from prison term to condemnation, just the media is e ssentially about money. If, for example, the President sees to need a more than homey-lets-not-worry-about-things signifier of attitude, then the media ordain portray that attitude because, and this is the kicker, even though they are protected by the prototypic Amendment and the whole freedom of speech thing, they have to write the perspective that sells.Now, recentism may sell when the struggle was accident five years ago, but as the conflicts rage on, the earth agenda isnt to promote warat all. If the President was sitting in his nice tumid white house and promoting the war while American soldiers pile up by the body bag, then the President isnt doing very legal at his job. Very soon, if all the great unwashed saw was mass conflict, death, and horrible destruction, someone would have a gun to the white house to unhorse a better leader on that golden throne.However, if a little battle leaks out from time to time, and the media as a whole is on the invention with the same, uniform mono-headlines, then the public will see that on that point was an uprising, yes. But, if that uprising isnt mentioned again, or it blows away like so many things after a few weeks of nothing new beingness cogitationed, the public will be lulled into thinking that everything is okay and that it was just a simple little uprising. No big deal. for certain some American soldiers were sent home with flags on their caskets, but they died heroes.Purple hearts, parades, and fancy color-guard funerals. Thats what the people see. Even though the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been raging for, what ladies and gentlemen, more than fifty (more like hundreds) years, is the American public even aware that the peoples in those warring nations have been at war, bombs in the streets, children murdered, every day for as tenacious as most of this generation has been alive? Nope. For the most part, the American public is kept in the dark.So dark that the current issue in Iraq (whe n was the last time the war on curse truly scared the public?) has even lost its juice. Terror is just a cry now. Not scary, not vengeful. Just another word that has been so drilled into the minds of the public that raising the terror alert does no more for people than if the pollen expect went into the red zone. People are so in the dark that when club soldiers died just days ago (Londono) that most people didnt even raise an eyebrow, because whats the big deal with losing 9 measly soldiers if the country is over on foreign land playing the obedient-hearted hand with democracy?Big military issues are the only things that count. Nine soldiers dead in what seems like six years (since 9/11) is nearly negligible. This is suntaning now, strictly for reasons of importance, but only Alertnet. com tallies up the body count at 3,170 US soldiers dead since the war began in the same article, ( swell up, in the middle third of the story but at least it was mentioned) as the report on the nine dead soldiers. Now thats a number worth hearing. But how many password reports call that fairly alarmingly number up? Not many.Actually, most striking was the amount of anti-war points that call up the numbers, some counting American casualties as high as 23,000 (Griffis) since the war officially began in 2003. Now that number would catch some eyebrows. Freak people out, im individualate them burning bras for peace, not war. But the President doesnt want that. The disposal certainly doesnt want that. And perhaps this is why the media keeps the death stories on the hush-hush. Frame it in a way that makes the country feel safer as a whole. Only a few soldiers are killed at a time, so the tally seems insignificant in the broader scheme of things.And thus the public agenda is to get Americans back to their daily lives, where war doesnt exist and heiresses get caught too a good deal without their underwear as the paparazzi catch them at some new celebritys bar. But thats ju st a recent example of how the media skews things to keep the public agenda on the right track, lest things derail. And by golly it was a tangent of importance because if a war so dear to the hearts of Americans is lost in the media hoopla, how does a war like the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which is a vastly different scale, even stand a chance at orbicular comprehension?Well, it doesnt. And, it is perhaps the most notable war of any ever fought since clock too past to remember. Data Collection. The data collected for this report has been a combination of give-and-take reports and Wikipedia articles. The newsworthiness reports were elect because they are exactly what the public is able to view on a daily basis and are interpreted with complete seriousness to report the truth of the news (sounded like a joke, didnt it? ). As a whole, the news reports can be compared and contrasted for similar headlines, feature points, pictures, and opinionated slants.For the most part, artic les have been utilise from the Vanderbilt telecasting intelligence information Archive, and it is interesting to note that the most current evening news report is dated 12/06/2006. This could be an error on Vanderbilts part perhaps they havent updated their news file since then, but it is very much more likely that Vanderbilt has the most current news out there, which actually serves as a perfect example of how the media has prioritized this conflict in the news. No news, for Americans, can be construed as good news, even if the conflict rages on.Wikipedia articles were also reviewed, though not for the charts in the analysis of the data ingathering, because the Wikipedia has undeniably call on something akin to the Encyclopedia Britannica of earlier years. While the articles are not purely scholarly or ever written by PHD subject enthusiasts, the articles are highly peer-monitored and perhaps more free in what they are able to speak out about than a regular news article wit h advertisers to please and bosses with the incubus of the powers that be on their shoulders.Finally, a totally independent situation, dubbed Angel for Israel, has been reviewed because it has a catalogue of news articles chosen from recent years in an attempt to plantcase the very issue of media framing and public agenda. The site even goes deeper to debunk the myths, expose the media propaganda, and review common misconceptions about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. While not everything on this site can be truly confirmed as to authoritative authenticity, the news articles are complete, unedited and association back to their original news source.So, a wide cross section has been chosen for data collection so that a slant of some sieve can be gathered, tethered, and plumped for show. And, for editorial purposes, the full headlines and dates utilize for the purposes of the charts in the Analysis are presented as raw data in the Appendix. Analysis. Its always fun to chart and show, so the data collected has been put through the supercomputer to explain how the media portrays highly sensitive (i. e. death, war, terror) news as a homogenous chunk of untitillating information to the uninformed and unconcerned public.So lets delve. First, its easy to simply compare and contrast news headlines for homogenous information to depict and once and for all prove framing of the public agenda by the media. Looking at the Angel for Israel 2005 News Archive, there are 21 news articles with similar headlines. The low ten headlines for comparison are Female self-annihilation Bomber Explodes at Erez Crossing, Killing Four Israelis Hamas Woman Bomber Kills Israelis self-annihilation Attack on capital of Israel Bus Hamas Threatens pass Kidnaps felo-de-se Bomber Kills 10 Israelis.prison houseers Freed as Bomb Kills 10 in Israel Suicide Bomber Hits Jerusalem Bus Suicide Bomber Kills 8 in Jerusalem Terrorists Infiltrate Erez industrial Area, Killing Israeli Soldier Coupl e Killed in their Car Between Hebron and Beersheba, Terrorism Suspected Now, tone at the headlines, it can be said that the reports are straight and as to the point as they could be when it came down to writing the headline for the news. The problem is that the headlines are so similar that it can have a deadening effect on the public agenda.Seeing a word over and over, the word no longer has the same meaning that it did the first time it was seen. For example, the word self-destruction is employ five times out of ten headlines, all having taken place between a month or so period. The word kills (and forms of it like killing) is used in the same news headlines seven times out of ten. If these were the only headlines, which they might very well be, from this period in January and February 2004, the chance is that the public will take away one and miss the others because though they all discuss different events, they empathise as nearly the same.So, nine stories would be missed si mply because of a redundancy factor that happens, for reasons probably planned and perfectly executed. That same public then believes that the violence isnt so wide-sp train because of the same framing phenomena that occurs when no news is reported. If the headlines read a bit differently then these ten conflicts and acts of terror could be read and understood and ten separate issues of violence and horror. But, as they are, they lose their potential for a reader to feel any sort of fear because of their homogenous nature.Moreover, the repetitive nature of the headlines does more than just numb a reader to their very existence and meaning, teaching or hearing the same word over and over loses much more than that. Words, by their very reality, have inherent meanings to viewers in regards to reaction and understand. For example, when the President first coined the phrase war on terror, the American public had the appropriate reaction and felt the same need for avenging and duty as the dustup permit. Now, six years later, hearing the war on terror has a completely opposite effect on the public.It has be tot up a common, soreness phrase even, because it has lost all meaning both symbolically and literally. Vengeance has not been achieved, no retribution for the war on terror has been sought. And symbolically, no ballads have been created to promote any sort of American pride or glory. Basically, the only thing come of this phrase is that it is said so often it means nothing. And now, any time the public reads the manner of speaking war on terror they unconsciously close their eyes or ears to any further understanding because it means nothing anymore.Clever, the mass media, for using the war on terror in such(prenominal) a manner that it becomes nothing more important than the rising gas prices during the hot summer months. Moreover, one thing that stands out right away is the use of certain words that prevail in most all if the articles. So, lets take a deep er look at the most prevalent words and how often they are used overall. Out of those same ten headlines, the word kills and suicide are the most potent and hold the most power over a reader, but a few other words are used often enough to draw attention for analysis. These are the wordsKills (killing, killed) used 7 times Suicide used 5 times Explodes used 1 time Attack used 1 time Threatens used 1 time Kidnaps used 1 time Freed used 1 time Hits used 7 times Terrorists ( terrorist act) used 2 times Infiltrate used 1 time On a side note, puritanical website and content search engine optimization relies on the force of a writer to get the meaning of something across while also adding in the proper words to also get the attention, subliminally, of that reader or search engine. The key is that with 200 words of text, 8% of that text must be used for each main keyword.This means that at least 16 words out of 200 words must be utilized for one main keyword. For example, if an article w ere written on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and the keyword that article was hoping to subliminally infiltrate into the reader were suicide, then suicide would have to appear 16 times in 200 words of text. The exact same formula is used in reportage and even broadcast media like advertising. Ever hear of the Energizer Bunny? Or that truly annoying Head On commercial promoting direct application of a lube-like substance for migraines?The reason commercials do well with the public is that even though they may lose all meaning simply from being tell so often, repetition for harvest-times is the only thing that really sinks in enough for that public to remember what product they wanted when they get to Wal-Mart. With that said, it is easy to see why some words, the words with seemingly the most power, are used more often than others, especially in the print media. And, in an interesting phenomena known as media framing, it actually tends to have the opposite effect on readers.Peo ple dont read the news in the same way that they view a commercial. A different part of the brain is used, and a more mechanical side of that person takes note of different things when viewing a commercial versus reading a news article, which is something having much to do with feeling. Emotion in advertising is a draw to get a listener or reader to want, no need, that product. Repetition in this case hinges on the emotion that product is able promote, to get inside the heart of the person. Because, more often than not, people buy something because they want it, not because they need it.However, emotion is generally not a thing possessed by headlines, but headlines are usually crafted with some attention getter in mind. After all, if they werent written for a person to be interested enough to read, then they wouldnt get read at all. And, looking at the same ten headlines, it can almost be said that they were cleverly crafted to not get read at all, especially because of their exclu sively homogenous theme running throughout. Now, to see if this theory really stands on its feet, lets take a look at the top ten headlines from the 1997-1998 Angel for Israel News Archive. These are the ten headlinesUnilateral Measures Taken by the Palestinian potence in Violation of capital of Norway Palestinian Authoritys Failure to Quell the Riots in Hebron Violates the Accord PLOs Hiring of 150 Terrorists as Policemen is Blatant Violation of Oslo Palestinian Authority Failed to Fulfill its Commitment Under the Hebron Accord 18 Killed in Jerusalem Attack Palestinian Incitement to Violence Since Oslo A Four-Year Compendium Pronouncements by Muslim Religious Leaders Defending Suicide Attacks Palestinian Security Commitments Palestinian Anti-Semitism Prison or Hotel? PLOs Open Door lock in Sheltered Jerusalem Bombers from Israel.Now, one thing in looking at these headlines is that although the conflict can be said to undeniably the same in regards to death, suicide bombers, and th e level of terrorism, these articles have very little to do with reporting that issue. Instead, they promote the Palestinian government and its ability to quell the violence and attacks. And, this time when a bit of violence is mentioned, it stands out enough that people can read it, then read the next news about that violence being stamped out and come to an understanding that their government is doing everything in its power to take control of the country and make things safe.Moreover, each lesson of violence is discussed and defended or sheltered. While these are probably the most insane and contradictory headlines of the year, they actually show a bit about the society of the time and what the public agenda was. Cleary, this was a time of being unable to admit that terrorism was a real thing, a real threat to communities even though they had been fighting a war for some hundred years. The same headlines were probably used when the United States first saw terrorist attacks, bef ore the events of 9/11.Terrorism wasnt even a word, or a word often used in the common vernacular, before the real attacks began, because the media didnt want the readership to feel threaten. This way, by keeping such terms on the down low, or by making them look like flukes, easily put down by the government, the media could control the public agenda and make them believe that such things were easily enough thwarted that there was no need to worry. In an effort for fairness and uniformity, these same ten headlines will now be looked over for words of repetition. These are the main words Authority used 3 times Violation used 2 times Quell used 1 time.Commitments used 2 times Killed used 1 time Terror used 1 time Attack used 2 times Violence used 1 time Suicide used 1 time Defending used 1 time Sheltered used 1 time From these keywords, it is easy to conclude that the public agenda was much different for the mass media than it was in 2004. These years (1997-1998) were much more about promoting the government and putting down the terrorism enough that it didnt even seem to exist. And in instances where they could do nothing but report it, the same headlines quell it or defend the terrorism to make the public believe that the situation is much different than it is.But thats the purpose of framing in the media. And, from these examples, they have their job down. Summary and Conclusion. Well, the data doesnt lie. Whoever controls the media (and someone does, be sure of that) controls the public agenda and what is dolled out as information as well as the why, when, and how of things. The simple fact is this the news is not reliable. For the real numbers, perhaps only the fan sites tell the truth of things because freedom of speech appease exists on the internet, if no where else.Now, not all sites and sources online are to be rely and blah, blah, blah, but is the published report or the prime time special with Barbara Walters to be trusted either? Who can be trust ed when it comes to the cold, hard, nitty-gritty truth? Well, the one thing that the American public can trust is themselves (for those willing to listen, at least). Freedom of speech was granted for the media to tell the tales they wanted to tell when the aristocracy got a little grabby, but times have changed and so has the media. Now, the only real media is the media and press that makes the most money.Without money, even small township newspapers and stations fail, and they might be the only source of news for miles around. One would think that readership would boost things a bit, but the real money is handed out by advertisers who want certain things printed and certain things revealed as deemed fit by the big guys in charge of the nation. And those big guys only share information as framed specifically for the public agenda. Its their job. The sad truth is that the dog is wagging its tail here, vigorously, but the American public doesnt even know what that means. Appendix. Fr om the 1997-1998 Angel for Israel News Archive1997-1998 Unilateral Measures Taken By the Palestinian Authority In Violation of Oslo Provided by the governing Press line 1997 Palestinian Authoritys Failure To Quell The Riots in Hebron Violates The Accord Provided by the Government Press Office PLOS Hiring of 150 Terrorists as Policemen Is Blatant Violation of Oslo July 1, 1997 Palestinian Authority Failed To Fulfill Its Commitments Under the Hebron Accord Provided by the Government Press Office July 1997 18 Killed In Jerusalem Terror Attack JERUSALEM (July 30) Two explosions doomed through Jerusalems busy Mahane Yehuda fruit and vegetable marketplace at 1.15 pm this afternoon at the height of the shopping day. Initial police reports placed the death toll at 18 and over 100 injured. Jerusalem Post July 30, 1997 Palestinian Incitement To Violence Since Oslo A Four-Year Compendium Provided by the Government Press Office August 1997 Pronouncements By Moslem Religious Leaders Defendin g Suicide Attacks Compiled by the Israel Foreign Ministry September 1997 Palestinian Security Commitments The report was released by the Government Press Office September 9, 1997 Palestinian Anti-Semitism by Nadav Haetzni, Maariv Weekend Supplement, p. 21 September 12, 1997.Prison Or Hotel? PLOs Open-Door Jail Sheltered Jerusalem Bombers From Israel September 24, 1997 From the 2004 Angel for Israel News Archive 2004 Female Suicide Bomber Explodes At Erez Crossing, Killing Four Israelis Israel Insider 14 Jan 2004 Hamas Woman Bomber Kills Israelis BBC News 14 Jan 2004 Suicide Attack On Jerusalem Bus BBC News 29 Jan 2004 Hamas Threatens Soldier Kidnaps BBC News 30 Jan 2004 Suicide Bomber Kills 10 Israelis By Nancy Updike, Boston Globe 30 Jan 2004 Prisoners Freed As Bomb Kills 10 In Israel By Chris McGreal, defender Unlimited 30 Jan 2004 Suicide Bomber Hits Jerusalem Bus BBC News.22 Feb 2004 Suicide Bomber Kills 8 In Jerusalem Washington Post 23 Feb 2004 Terrorists Infiltrate Erez Indu strial Area, Killing Israeli Soldier By Ellis Shuman, Israel Insider 26 Feb 2004 Couple Killed In Their Car Between Hebron and Beersheba, Terrorism Suspected Israel Insider 27 Feb 2004. whole caboodle Consulted. Angel For Israel. Articles from Selected News Articles 2004 and Selected News Articles 1997-1998. http//www. angelfire. com/mi4/angelforisrael/israel/news. html Londono, Ernesto and Sudarsan Raghavan. 118 Shiite Pilgrims Killed in Iraq Attacks Violence Comes Days After 9 GIs Died in Blasts. bound 7, 2001. http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/06/AR2007030600181. html Villelabeitia, Ibon. Nine US Soldiers Killed North of Baghdad. March 6, 2007. http//www. alertnet. org/thenews/newsdesk/L06363337. htm Griffis, Margaret, Ed. Casualties in Iraq The Human Cost of Occupation. March 14, 2007. http//antiwar. com/casualties/ Wikipedia. com. Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. March 13, 2007. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Israeli-Palestinian_conflict . Wikipedia Recentism. March 13, 2007. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/WikipediaRecentism.

Theories such as Marxism Essay Example for Free

Theories such as Marxism EssayWithin this essay, I will be examining the guess that gentility re-creates the year system. Theories such as Marxism, Internationalism and feminism, would agree with each other in construction that the procreation system favours the working class, due to ideologies, discrimination, domination and social control. Marxists Bowles and Gintis myth of direction is a release attack on the functionalists concept of meritocracy. Bowles and Gintis (1976) argued that the meritocratic idea that rearing offers everybody an equal chance is in point a myth or a story that all of us jus blindly believe. They believe that the education system works against the ideas of the working classes. In their correspondence theory they argued that there was a correspondence surrounded by social relationships in the classroom and the work place. By this, they meant that the hierarchies, certificates, and discipline systems that can be found in schools are actually ve ry similar to the world of work. In school you are paid with certificates, where as on the other hand in work you are paid with wages. Marxists also argue that education has a cultural reproduction role.Bourdieu has argued that schools, along with the staff that work in them are primarily middle-class institutions. Working class children simply do not posses the cultural capital, which are things like the ideas, tastes, values and life style associated with a particular class required for achievement in establishments. This means that middle-class children will generally do better than working class children. This makes school an institution that ensures middle-class dominance from one propagation to the next.A sociologist that illustrates this view is, Marxist, Tomlinson says that differences in class are more important than differences in ethnicity in explaining educational attainment. So it is clear that education looks at classes and allocates where each student goes in t he hierarchy. It recreates the education system by teaching children what society wants them to learn through the hidden curriculum, as well as teaching them to intromit their roles and place in society, this relates to the class system as it ranks the middle class on top of working class.Functionalists say the class system in education should change as they believe in the education system being meritocratic as they say that the harder you work the better off you will be. Because the curriculum is based on westernized cultures, there is conflict between classes in education. Interactionists would say that there are many a(prenominal) other stereotypes in the education system which puts the middle class in advantage to the working class to which the education system mostly benefits the middle class rather than then the working class.So, on the whole, the education system allocates students through meritocracy, reflecting their class in society. The well off- middle-class are bette r off, with more resources, cultural capital etc, and so can work their way up easily, and as we know education success is rewarded with cultural capital. On the other hand, the working class dont have that many benefits, so they do not achieve a lot. Education reinforces the roles the classes have to play in society and re-creates the class system.

Final Reflection Essay Example for Free

Final Reflection Essay1. Upon embarking on compose about my Autobiography/Self-Discovery piece, I did non really expect it to become an enlightening journey of introspection. For me, it was a typical school day and I was just about to do a requirement. The incident I cited in my writing piece happened modal value before and yet I never forgot its profound jolt on my life. It had me acquainted with an aspect of my true self that is, that I could also be a improve and more appreciative person, and come to think of it, that anybody is capable of improving himself/herself so long as the passion to change is present. The Significant Event Essay which I wrote and submitted reveals only an aspect of my personality since the short tale plucked from my life story merely focused on my realizations on the values of compassion and appreciation. A persons life has a lot of aspects and an essay or even a account book would not be enough to capture everything about a mans life. 2. My pu rpose in writing my essay was for others to appreciate the blessings they had because not everyone is as fortunate as his fellowman. It is intended for a global audience and is meant to be helpful to anyone who has not realized the value of blessings in his/her life.The essay is presented in the puzzle out of a short anecdote w present there is an introduction, a building up of the story, a climax and a conclusion. As a writer, I learned that I had to present my story in a way that it is structured and systematic so that only the incidents related to the story were included and other details were left out. In this manner, focus was maintained and the main storyline was given more significance. I also make use of an outline so that I would not deviate from my projected direction, thereof, the results of which ar reflected in my essay.A pen is supposed to capture and present to the reviewer a glimpse on the life of a personality. The problem further, is that sometimes, the pro file of a person that is presented is a skewed version, and that is where write-ups such as these are much questioned. More often than not, the more dramatic, exciting and odd aspects of an individuals personality are those which are glamorized and sensationalized because these are the stories which usually sell.It is what piques the interest of the readers, hence, these are the materials which are highlighted, and the less dramatic and boring topics are relegated to the terra firma or worse, not even mentioned. With regards to my own profile, I encountered the same problem because I found that it is not really possible to compress into one essay that which has taken so many years to achieve. Hence, theoretically, it is not really possible to create a complete profile because eventually, some details will in the end be left out.2. The omissions in a profile for general readership consumption connote that readers engage in reading more to be entertained than informed. A complete profile would mean that all aspects in a personalitys life will be included with all the boring replete attached to it. Of course, this will not be allowed by the editors of magazines where the profiles will be published because this boring mash can be done without and the excess writing blank shell could be allocated for more ad space which can be sold to earn more income.Even if a writer wants to present the profile of a subject in a complete manner with everything included, it is not the writer who determines what becomes published because it is the reader who will choose. This is a lamentable fact, and yet what is in practice since the mass media operates on these guiding principles, however distorted the stories may be. Answers to Chapter 4 Questions 1. I particularly believe that most if not all of the academic materials which present their concepts as uncontested truths do so because they are already based on widely-known and disclose facts and judgements.Basically, the whole chapter on Explaining a Concept is one such typical example because as of now, the ideas presented here are what are considered as true and accurate for the moment. As new-made discoveries will be unearthed, new theories and concepts will correspondingly emerge and the present truths we have now will most likely be replaced later eventually. 2. Knowledge is established by way of a meeting of minds. Usually, the prominent academicians, researchers and professors in unique(predicate) disciplines conduct meetings to agree/disagree on the concepts that are still considered up-to-date or obsolete.Once resolved upon, obsolete ideas noted but not totally discarded. In some books, it is noticeable that references to such ideas are still mentioned but the reason for shelving the idea is always given. 3. The essay I did was about the practice of contraception. The idea that I pursued has long been established and accepted in society. It could be said that there are some sectors tha t still uphold religious beliefs over these medical practices which seem to challenge such beliefs.Yes, at some point, I felt that the ideas I am presenting may be questioned by my readers, but then, I had references to point to for the more technical stuff and I was confident with my own knowledge about the subject. I decided on doing a topic that would be helpful, practical and interesting and had more contemporary novelty, hence the subject of contraception. In writing my paper, I was not really comfortable in being a giver of knowledge at first but later on, I warmed up to the idea because I would be sharing some things that my peers may not really know about.