Beh 225 Appendix D Essay Example for Free

Beh 225 Appendix D EssaySigmund Freud, is often describe as the most famous figure in psychology. Hes written books on Hysteria commonly be referred to as the father of psychoanalysis. His most popular works being spiritedly influential on others that consider psychology. unconscious, Psycho knowledgeable development (stages), Neurosis, transference and trauma are theories that Freud has developed over the years. One of Freuds theories was, that the personality is third structures.Another theory of Freuds was that our personality is rooted in the dynamics of the unconscious. He determined that the aggressive and sexual instincts were primarily unconscious drives which could determine our human behavior. Carl Jung is a psychologist that mostly studied the human psyche, dream analysis, and the incorporated unconscious. Cowgil (1997) refers, He proposed and developed the concepts of the extroverted and introverted personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious.The is sues that he dealt with arose from his personal experiences. For many years Jung snarl as if he had two separate personalities. One introverted and other extroverted. This interplay resulted in his study of desegregation and wholeness. His work has been influential not only in psychology, but in religion and literature as well. She also believed that the unconscious mind had two separate components the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Hall (1997) refers, Carl R. Rogers is know as the father of client-centered therapy.Throughout his career he dedicated himself to humanistic psychology and is well cognise for his theory of personality development. He began developing his humanistic concept while working with abused children. Rogers essay to change the world of psychotherapy when he boldly claimed that psychoanalytic, experimental, and behavioraltherapists were preventing their clients from ever reaching self-realization and self-growth repayable to their autho ritive analysis.He argued that therapists should allow patients to discover the solution for themselves. Rogers received wide acclaim for his theory and was awarded various high honors . Through Rogers extensive efforts in expressing his theory of personality through the publishing of books and lectures he gained a make do of attention and followers as well as those who strongly disagree with his theory of personality development. citationCowgil, Charles. Carl Jung, 1997.Part IIChoose three of your favorite television characters past or present.Complete the hobby matrix describing the characters personalities from the point of view of the three theorists, Jung, Freud, and Rogers.TV Character Jung Rogers Freud 1. 2. 3.

Everybodys Guilty Essay Example for Free

Everybodys criminal EssayIn Everybodys Guilty The Ecological Dilemma, author and professor of Human Ecology at University of California, Santa Barbara, Garrett Hardin, explains the current issue with occult reverberations. Hardin calls attention to the readers about how innocent actions by individuals can inflict on the environment. We all acquiesce in the governing body of arrangements and practices that has constructd our ecological crisis (Hardin, 40). In order to approve of our actions, individuals tend to track from reality behind symbols and/or words. Incorporating rhetoric into our daily lives does this. Garrett Hardin begins his argument by explaining the naming process that may vex unintended consequences and then finishes with potentially solutions to this ecological crisis. For example, using the word healthy attracts an audience that is eventually looking to eat correctly. Without looking at the ingredients, batch believe the false advertisement and buy the sustenance that says healthy on the box rather than what is actually good for them. By doing this, consumers are using an wrong form of persuasion while not being aware of the consequences or changes this action may have on people.Hardin wants the readers to view our world not as a society, provided as an ecological transcription (Hardin, 40). Instead of acting as a whole, people guide to understand that as individuals, everyone needs to move their part to improve the world we live on. Hardin suggests, we as individuals can never do merely one involvement (Hardin, 41). The choices that are made everyday can have an impact on some liaison a lot bigger than what was intended. In the article, Everybodys Guilty, Hardin uses the example of damming the Nile at Aswan.By building this dam, workers not only secured a water source for electricity and irrigation, which was their only intention, but they also caused deep distress to Egypt. This proves Hardins argument. Although the musical theme of a dependable water source is efficient, many times the consequences are overseen. Egypt now is suffering from day-after-day floods, which is soft eliminating the nutrients within the water. To bring this example into an easier perspective, lets look at what average people do everyday such as pumping gas.Individuals unconsciously pump their gas with the only intention to be able to take down from one place to another. Everyone knows the amount of consequences that may arise from this certain action, but no one actually pays attention. The amount of taint that is created from pumping gas is at alarming rates and is slowly taking a buzzer on the atmosphere. Transportation is the largest single source of air pollution in the United States. This includes air pollution emitted during vehicle operation, refueling, and manufacturing.These simple actions cause over a third of the contaminated chemicals in the air, and all people are worried about is if they will make it to work on time. With both the amount of cars on the road, and the escalating population rates, Hardin is trying to persuade readers that people need to take action and by persuading the audience, Hardin is engaging in a form of rhetoric. Pollution will not be controlled unless population is controlled (Hardin, 44). Even what we call winner may prove to be a bitter failure.Increasing the size of the population is generally held to be a good thing, but an even larger proportion of the worlds people is sightly convinced that the world is already overpopulated (Hardin, 42). Increasing the population not only limits resources, it also increases the amount of misinterpretation to people never doing one thing, which can potentially lead to a larger ecological crisis. There are many problems when it comes to population. Technology is expensive and with population growing, the price of natural resources is increasing as well.There are solutions to this issue though, but cannot be imple mented right away. Hardin looks toward voluntarism and persuasion to help create a climate of opinion that can some day support stronger measures (Hardin, 45). By doing the right thing, Hardin rhetorically persuades the readers to engage in thoughtful actions that decreases the population. The first step to this solution is to create a ampere-second% effective birth control. Society knows that contraception is not completely effective, but because of this, Hardin suggests we create a system for acceptability towards stillbirths if necessary.If birth control fails, abortions should be included as a back up computer program with the cost of being preferably free. The problem with this proposal is that abortions are frowned upon in other countries. To avoid the abortion issue, young girls need to be taught to become independent and goal oriented instead of becoming a teenage mother. Now-a-days girls are so interested in creating their own little families and having children that the y tend to forget the hardships of having child. We need to educate all of society so as to reduce this social pressure, and consequently reduce the compute of semi-reluctant mothers, who are probably not the best ones to raise children anyway (Hardin, 46).Having a child when the woman is a child herself is not healthy, but is a prime example to Hardins argument. By creating children for the wrong reasons relates to creating an invisible reverberations. At the time it sounds great to have a child, but the aftermath consequences do not ratio out. As a society, individuals need to create a culture of acceptability to smaller families.The world is slowly becoming more accustomed to this new culture, but still needs improvement. Garrett Hardin wants to leave his readers with a protract thought to help the world. He enriches his readers with evidence that support his idea of having an ecological crisis. Hardin explains that everyone is at fault when it comes to harming the world, but t here are ways to solve this conflict and that is population control. Although the solution may not be easy, Hardin wants people to understand the consequences of their actions, because until then, the ecological crisis is going to continue to increase.

Gender and the Media Essay Example for Free

Gender and the Media EssaySocialisation is the way an identity is be through with(predicate)out carriage for a person. Children are seen a blank slate that is going to have a personality and roles set by the environment he lives in. A child generally has an idea on what gender they are by the time they are 2 years old. A boy allow portray himself with the colour blue, would be very hyperactive and tend to bully girls. Females would be to a greater extent than mature, distinguish themselves to the colour pink and socialise with other girls, this is called primary socialisation. Personalities are defined through interactions with muckle that are close to them, there societys values and they learn the attributes of their sex at a young age and they cognize what is expected of them as a certain sex. The person is reinforced by social praise and penalization so the person can learn from mistakes and good deeds. Media has played a massive part on how socialisation as occurre d to an singular. I am directly concerned with how the media affects young women within todays society, particularly through the use of gender stereotyping within young womens magazines, mainly through articles and advertisements.Here, the ideas and beliefs already created by the media are efficacious to advertisers because they are socially accepted ideologies. They know that they will influence women. It has been stated in the past that it is these media interpretations of The completed Woman that have been the cause for so m any(prenominal) women becoming increasingly pressured into looking good and so dieting, keeping fit etc. This can, in extreme cases lead to serious psychological diseases such(prenominal) as anorexia and bulimia, where one of the main causes has been identified as social pressure.Society affects how people perceive themselves, Body view awareness still exists in our society. Many people living on our society are influenced by the media and the fashion ind ustry. Both are equally responsible for the increased number of people suffering from have disorders. Fashion industries tend to only feature whose figures vary from eight to ten. Their androgynous waif-like figures are presented as example of the everyday woman. In doing so the average woman in the street is forced to measure herself against an wild prototype.Most models are above average height, have naturally lithe bodies and are aged surrounded by sixteen and thirty. Their image is constructed and manipulated by a predominately male homosexual industry which appears reluctant to show women as curvaceous individuals. Celebrities themselves fall foul of the dominant media representation of women. When society thinks of a family we automatically think of the atomic family in which there is a mum, pop music and often two or three children.This type is seen as the statistical norm until the 1980s where it was considered abnormal to deviate from this ideal family type and there were characteristics that came with this which were seen as socially acceptable. Children were seen as the outcome of a loving heterosexual couple and each person i. e. the mum and dad should have distinctive roles within the family. The mother should be concerned with motherhood and shackhold chores.The induce should treasure the family and be a disciplinary role model, as well as their main role world defined as the breadwinner, this meaning they often bring in the most money. The mother should be the housekeeper who attians the house and looks after the children as they grow up. A young male would grow up learning the princilpes of the father and the young female would grow up adobting the mather principles. Post modernism shows that gender is the main topic in an individuals life as events that have occurred are directly linked to a individuals gender.Post modernism gives the individual much choice and that is the basis of post modernism, choice The individual is more inde pendent on their life choices such old life ambitions of marriage and children are non compulsory but are a option that some people may seek. Unlike pre modernism and modernity where marriage and kids are eventual(prenominal) goals and people automatically assume that this is the right path to follow. This gives way to unused events that once were either not existent or unethical such as unisex and inter-racial marriages.It shows a deterioration of religion and uncanny belief, which leaves great division among people in identity and lifestyles. People are now working more flexible times, fashion has changed in such away that people can wear what they want, food is more oriental and music comes in a wide variety. Identity has separated into many huge groups such as social classes, ethnic group, age and gender. This leads to unrest to certain groups that want change as people now have a sense of spreading opinion and arguing their rights.Certain groups such as feminists, Marxist i deology and ageist rights. As choice and individual opinion now can be widely credited it gives chance for concern to be broadcasted such as the feminist supporters wanting females to be handle as equals among men. The first wave of feminism gave people the ideology in 1928 when they got the vote, which provoked the idea of gaining more such as the 2nd wave of feminism in the 1960s when women burned the bras, this caused great think between the two gender differences.Karl Marx however says that society not the individual is the important issue as that eventually the working class will soon rule society. This radical change has brought in new changes such as the new man that is a unique gender that of a masculine and self-effacing male, the new man focuses on his physical appearance and pays attention to diet, personality and self image, he is more emotional and doesnt fit in with a patriarchy idea.As post modernism has totally set up todays society it shows how an individual ca n make all the differences and how self concern and freedom is the new ideal but this idea could change and evidence suggests that it could lead to pre modernism of the old age as though it is a long term cycle of a society but critics say this is the final touch of society and the end solution is total equality among genders, races and age. This idea of choice could lead in any direction depending on current affairs within society yet time is not a important issue as this process could last a log time.

Skrzynecki and Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Skrzynecki and Lord of the Flies EssayA feeling of belong dep prohibits on a blotto relationship, real over a utmost of clock. To what extent would you support this viewpoint? In your analyse refer in detail to your prescribed text and at least ONE former(a) connect text of your own choosing. According to sociobiologists, the need for human connection and belong is hardwired and genetically dictated.It defines who and what we argon, and how we fit into the being around us. An case-by-cases whiz of connection may be influenced by many factors, and one of the untroubledest of these is a strong relationship or relationships, which have been developed over a period of time. This human connection is instrumental in defining an individuals place in the public as well as his or her virtuoso of belonging.The notion that a feeling of belonging depends on a strong relationship is explored in Peter Skrzyneckis prose poetry anthology Immigrant Chronicle (1975) in special(a) the poems Migrant auberge in which the persona and his family struggle to gain lasting relationships at the hostel, and 10 bloody shame Street, the personas childhood home, in which strong familial relationships were forged and William Goldings prose fable text Lord of the Flies (1958), in which a group of school boys stranded on an island step by step lose any strong relationships they may have had as their civilisation descends into violence and savagery.Both these texts memorably and distinctively explore how relationships and acceptance can shape an individuals perceptions of belonging and not belonging. zeal in the circumstance of a post-war assimilationist culture, Migrant Hostel represents the immense sense of disconnection experienced by the persona and his family, given both their dislocation from their European homeland and their lack of strong relationships with the other members of the hostel.The migrants ephemeral existence is emphasised with the use of a migrator y bird simile For over ii years we lived like birds of passage, always sensing a chance in the weather period by means of the use of connotative language to highlight the personas disconnection, the poem provides an overall sense of helplessness and lack of self-reliance in determining their own future Sudden departures from adjoining blocks that left us wondering who would be coming next thus constructing the hostel as a place of impotence and impermanence.This evident transiency is perhaps symbolic of the migrants own fleeting sense of connection as they instinctively seek show up members of their own culture, efficaciously conveyed through the use of a familiar analogy nationalities sought/each other kayoed instinctively like a homing slobeon/circling to get its bearings.These superficial relationships thus serve to stay the development of any lasting sense of belonging regardless of a common history and personal identity as, whilst for some migrants, their time in the hostel represents a new beginning, for others the sustained sense of alienation and despair, due to a lack of strong relationships, becomes too difficult to bear, as the final lines of the poem poignantly aim through juxtaposition lives/that had only begun/or were dying. Thus a feeling of belonging depends on a strong relationship, developed over a period of time.Standing in stark limit to Migrant Hostel is the poem 10 Mary Street, which portrays the personas strong feelings of belonging to his childhood home as a result of the strong familial relationships which were forged during his time there. The familys domestic routine is depicted and their unity of existence is simply, but effectively conveyed in the first stanza through inclusive language We departed/Each morning, shut the house/Like a well-oiled lock, alluding to their sense of family security.The beginning of the second stanza alludes to the fact that, despite the familys integration into mainstream society, their socioeconomic marginalisation continues. Through the unreserved use of connotation and onomatopoeia, the responder is positioned to recognise the mundane nature of the menial labour the personas parents nevertheless stoically endure From the polite hum-drum/Of washing clothes/And laying sewage pipes. Consequently, it is in the context of the Skrzynecki familys ongoing marginalisation that the sense of belonging afforded by the family home gains deeper significance.Feelings of nourishment and well-being are generated through combining a simile and cumulative imagery as the personas parents conduce their nurturing to the family garden My parents watered/Plants- grew potatoes/ And rows of sweet corn/ Tended the roses and camellias/ Like adopted children. Thus, the personas strong sense of belonging as depicted in this poem is a result of the strong relationships with his family which were forged during his time there. part similar to Immigrant Chronicle on a superficial level , to the extent that both texts represent individuals experiences of alienation and dislocation, Goldings text Lord of the Flies explores representations of belonging, in terms of relationships, differently. Composed in the context of the Cold War nuclear arms power race, Goldings text can be read as an allegory of the impossibility of human civilisation in which individuals are able to coexist without ultimately resorting to violence and savagery.The character of shote represents the scientific and rational side of society portrayed in this text as a minority. From the beginning of the novel, oafish has little by way of close relationships A storm of laughter arose and even the tiniest child joined in. For the moment the boys were a closed circuit of apprehension with Piggy on the outside. It is in this moment that both the extent of Piggys alienation is highlighted while the disintegration into chaos and disorder is also foreshadowed through the breaking of Piggys glasses, a symbol of rational civilisation.When Piggys glasses are broken during a major battle between Ralph and Jack towards the end of the book, this destruction symbolises the ultimate desolation of civilisation on the island, and, with it, any sense of belonging that the boys on the island had act to inculcate. This destruction can be viewed as a decimation of any strong relationships that the boys may have had specially between Piggy, Ralph and Jack and can be read as reason for the poignant lack of belonging on the island.Jack Merridew, who begins as the head hunter, comes to embody the spirit of chaos and destruction on the island. While it can be argued that it is Jacks lack of a strong familial relationship with Ralph and Piggy that incites his search for power, Golding implies that the human instinct of barbarism greatly outweighs that of civilisation. When Jack first realises how much power he has, any sense of belonging he feels to the other boys is annihilated, the moment whe n Jack and his hunters finally manage to suppress and kill a pig, marking Jacks descent into bestial savagery, LookWeve killed a pig we stole up on them we got in a circle . The hyphenation utilised in this discourse is subtly indicative of Jacks inevitable loss of any sense of civility as he develops a warped relationship to his barbaric activities, ultimately seducing the majority of the boys off to a dispel camp, where their descent into primitive barbarism becomes evident The chief was sitting there, naked to the waist, his face blocked out in white and red. The tribe lay in a semicircle before him. While liberal Jack a sense of power and self-importance, this new tribe, built on a vulgar savage desire for food, has diminished the boys sense of friendship and camaraderie. It is this lack of a strong relationship developed over a period of time which is cause for their lack of a strong sense of belonging. seemingly it is clear, upon examination of Immigrant Chronicle a nd Lord of the Flies, that a feeling of belonging relies heavily on a strong relationship developed over a period of time.In Skrzyneckis poem Migrant Hostel, the personas evocative sense of isolation is due to his lack of any strong relationships as well as any attempts at establishing them. In contrast to this, 10 Mary Street distinctly provides a strong sense of belonging as a result of the personas strong familial relationships. In Lord of the Flies, the boys stranded on the island attempt to cling to their superficial relationships to each other, but, in the face of dwindling food supplies, eventually descend into savagery, diminishing their relationships and ultimately their sense of belonging.

The Marginalisation of Women in Animation Roles

The Marginalisation of Women in keep RolesThe relationship betwixt modes of production, and individual practice in womens independent invigoration.Feminist acquire critics such(prenominal) as Laura Mulvey necessitate suggested that upright video narration has always had a male perspective and positioned the viewer as male. Her 1975 undertake Cinema Visual Pleasure and Narrative, is a key work in libber demand conjecture and a turning denominate in the understanding of the representation of women in record and animation. She highlighted the lack of young-bearing(prenominal) filmmakers, writers and protagonists in Hollywood films. She contends that a female contribution is sorely absent from mainstream cinema. Thus the depictions of women and the female identicalness in film atomic number 18 always a male interpretation.Further more she suggests that the language of film itself is mascu telephone line. The essay asserts claims that immaculate film narration assumes th at the audience is male through objectifying female subjects wi rationalize the frame. She contests that a position of power is almost always given to the male subject through a serial of looks. The male characters atomic number 18 in possession of the look, while the females are looked at. They are very much objectified by focalization on specific parts of the anatomy. The woman is thereby idealised and sexualised into a male fantasy or marginalized into a stereotype or narrative function.This marginalisation of women is evident in Animation from the same pointedness with figures such as Minnie Mouse, who dutifully played house wife to Mickey. The overtly sexual, (and disturbingly child-like,) Betty Boop. Or the passing curvaceous Red Hot Riding Hood, who was a prototype for Jessica Rabbit. The identification of this imbalance provoked an immediate reaction to address it. At this point the main demand was to replace on female constituent model by other, stronger and more independent. Or to find images of women that were realistic and relevant to womens real deportment experience. (Mulvey, 1978, p204)After WW2 16mm equipment that had been used to make newsreels, became available cheaply, and progress in sound technology in the sixties do synchronised sound recording much easier. The end result was to give people impertinent the commercial arena the ability to make films.This independent scene emerged at a highly politicised period and gave people the opportunity to make politicised films which addressed issues of the time such as the womens movement. Not save feminist filmmakers emerged, but feminist readings of unconsciously feminist art. As Sharon Couzins definition demonstrates, the defining parameters are very broad.Feminist art is which acknowledges that difference of being a women i.e. what it is to be a woman and consequently integrates that consciousness into the art. (Law, 1997, p 67)Mulvey points to the vanguard as genre through w hich feminist filmmakers and animators could express their concerns free from classical Hollywood representation. In her own words the avant-garde poses certain questions which consciously confront tralatitious practice, often with a political motivation, working on ways to alter modes of representation and expectations in consumption. (Mulvey, 1978, p200)By shift away from traditional and accepted systems of narration, the audience is forced to decipher the meaning of the films from the films aestheticals and semiotic signifiers, therefrom foregrounding the films intended message in the minds of the spectators.Animation has a lot in common with the avant-garde in as much as it is a by and large victimize form of representation and formulation. That is that seamed live action cinematography, which tends towards mimesis (the desire to accurately reproduce the real homo,) animation is usually concerned with the hint of concepts and the representation of ideas.The touch ones of animation allow Mulveys concerns to be addressed at once. The flexibility of the medium for using divergent drawing styles, colour schemes, animation techniques lend animation an immense imaginative potential that is only confine by the imaginations of the animators themselves. Animators can use these techniques to challenge dominant modes of narration and aesthetic expression.Secondly animation has been exposit as an auteurist medium. The vast degree of collaboration necessary to make a photographic film is greatly reduced in an animated medium. Indeed it is possible for animators to constitute completely individually and in doing so, create art with an entirely inseparable perspective and articulate feminist concerns unfettered.A fine example of some(prenominal) these principles in action is Karen Watsons Daddys Little Piece of Dresden China. In the film Watson marries devil animation, line drawings, montage and puppetry to tell a deeply subjective story or so domest ic abuse.The divergent puppets are made from different materials to symbolise their characters. The father is metallic with a razor blade sass and glass head. He is drunk, cold, dangerous and extremely harmful. The mother is made of a wooden spoon and dried flowers this shows her domestic role and her bygone fertility. The daughter is bandaged and has a china head. She is damaged, though not that broken but extremely delicate.The use of puppets removes the spectator from full identification with the characters, leaving them to quietly theorise on the effects of domestic abuse on real people. Although the film is essentially one extremely powerful account of one womans own unspeakable domestic problems, the use of collage places the events in a wider social context and makes the spectator wonder about the greater extent of such problems.Alison de Veres film The Black Dog is devoid of any dialogue, and is entirely reliant on aesthetic symbolism and visual narration. The flexibili ty of the medium allows visual shifts in landscape which invite comparisons with stream-of-consciousness narration. The spectator is invited to number along with the protagonists through the wilderness on a journey of spiritual cobblers last and rebirth.Her walk through the desolate wilderness is apparently ended when an oasis appears in the form of the heterogeneous fata, a small complex comprising of boutique, a club and a restaurant. In the boutique she is dressed and adorned to make her beautiful before going to the club. It is her where she be enters the object of desire for a room full of sexy men. She catches sight of her self in a mirror, and decides to reject her designated engendered role, and false identity of seductress within the microcosm of the complex.At this point she finds that the price she pays for leaving of staying is her brain, her heart and her hands. The implication is that a woman must betray her own intelligence, desires and abilities to correct to th e engendered roles that hunting lodge expects of her. Death becomes a recurring motif of the complex such as the butchering of animals in the kitchens the use of animal furs in the boutique and drunken brawls that escalate into murder in the night club. all in all these images paint a portrait of a brutal and uncaring society and also serve as a visual motif that matches the protagonists fall from innocence and brief loss of individual identity.She flees the complex by diving into a river and being rescued by the eponymous Black Dog. The imagery here suggests a loss of innocence and an attempt of cleansing through water.The malleability of the medium is often explored through metabolism of characters of objects from one thing to another. In his book Understanding Animation (1998) Paul Wells argues that the use of metabolic process is a particular device which is unique to the animated form, and some would argue is the constituent core of animation itself. (Wells, 1998, p69) Howev er com adorner animation techniques have been blended with real footage to achieve the same effect in live-action cinema, blurring the distinction between the two art forms.Meaning is derived from the fluid budge of one form to another in the same way that Eisenstein creates meaning from editing one photographed image with another. Metamorphosis also legitimizes the process of connecting apparently unrelated images, forging original relationships between lines, objects, and disrupting established notions of classical story-telling. (Wells, 1998, p69) It is a way of connecting abstract ideas into a narrative form.Joanna Quinns films Girls Night Out and dust Beautiful use metamorphosis to directly confront the issue of the sexualized female aesthetic, and reclaim the female form as something to be appreciated in all shapes and sizes. However it does so by using the method within the confines of a traditional narrative structure. The protagonist of both films is a large, working clas s woman called Beryl, who is completely at betting odds with the Betty Boop and Red Hot Riding Hood figures.Quinn uses line drawings with immense kinetic energy. The lines are combat-ready allowing them to fluidly change shape. The fluid movement of the lines of Beryls trunk extenuates her generous curves, and the wobble of her breasts is particularly prominent as an expression of femininity. In this way her shape and size are celebrated through the animation process. In contrast her husband is completely static, bored, uninterested and uninteresting, a completely unsympathetic character.In Body Beautiful the dynamic lines are used to completely morph Beryls shape into symbolic expressions of her subjective experience. These metamorphoses are opinionated by her own perception of her self. When looking at the models in a fashion magazine she disappears into thin air, as a representation of her marginalization. She does not conform to societies given values of female beauty and as such feels negated. In a scene where Vince is commenting on her appearance she transforms into a pig. She is publicly humiliated and made to feel ashamed of herself, and as such reluctantly accepts the fat pig mantle that is forced upon her.The film resolves itself with Beryl learning to appreciate her own figure on her own terms, during a rap song she lists a multitude of body types and transforms into them one by one. She rejects all of them and literally steps out of them as an evidence of her own femininity.Beryl is representing all the women who do not have the perfect hour-glass figure and as such she is a figure to be identified with as opposed to one who is objectified. She is a celebration of the female body as opposed to a fetishist examination. She is desexualised as a male fantasy of female perfection, but re-sexualised in terms of her gender and set upd by her feminine figure.In contrast to Joanna Quinns kinetic line, confect Guard uses a simple, economical and direct aesthetic style in her animated films such as Wishful Thinking and What about me? In both these films two women ask each other questions about their, own appearance, but are never satisfied by the answers they are given and continue to have-to doe with and obsess over the matter, to the point of near torture. The figures themselves are comprised of a handful of black lines, they are largely shapeless and aesthetically at least, virtually androgynous. The characters are identified as female through voice and dialogue.In the mouth of Bernard manning jokes about women worrying about clothes or hair may come across as sexist, offensive and dismissive of women. But Guard is showing us how these women are straining themselves in their attempts to conform to the modes of conduct and appearance that society enforces upon them. The women themselves are complicit in their own torture by their attempts to conform to preset notions of beauty. They never challenge the expectations put upon th em and as such they are doomed to incessantly be enslaved by their own attempts to conform.Guard breaks from narrative tradition by having no resolution to her films. The women of the film will continue to worry about their appearance, just as the female spectators of the film have felt up pressure to look their best. It is here where the realism lost aesthetically is regained, as the realism resonates emotionally. The uber-simplistic 2d line drawing style is also thematically fitting, by attempting to conform to societies given notions of female beauty the women are caricaturing themselves.The films discussed in detail here all offer different perspectives on issues of female identity, and engendered roles within society but they all explore, through their use of imagery, the existence of the female form as something that is malleable and whose feminineness can be enhanced or reduced. They illustrate that femininity, as it is traditionally represented, something that can be put o n and taken off at will. (Furniss, 1978, p243) This demonstrates that despite differences in subjective experience all the animators discussed were expressing the fill to break away from the rigid definitions enforced by classical film narration.We can see distinctly that the various modes of practice available to animators have allowed female practitioners a platform on which to address feminist concerns of cinematic representation, as well as commenting upon the lager problems facing women within a modern patriarchic society. Paul Wells has neatly summarized the properties of Animation that have made it an ideal medium with which to redress the balance.Animation has the capability of rendering the body in a way which blurs traditional notions of gender, species and indigenous identity provided complicating debates concerning the primary political agendas of men and women, and enabling revisionist readings which use the ambivalence and ambiguity of the animated form to reinfor cement the view that traditional orthodoxies in society itself must be necessarily challenged.(Wells, 1998, p188)Of course an all comprehend feminist definition of womens experience or femininity is impossible and any attempt to do so is every bit as false as the fantasy representation offered by classical Hollywood. As Maureen Furniss explains in her own theories on representation. One can argue that the media is dominated by images representing the priorities of a white male culture, but how does one go about depicting an alternative? How does one define womens experience? And, even if it were possible to come up with a definition, could it encompass the realities of women across the world? (Furniss, 1998 p 243) What these animators have been able to do is break the masculine bias of film narration and spectatorship, and play to the womans movement by creating a feminine aesthetic based upon individual subjective experience as opposed to tired patriarchal stereotypes.Bibliograph yFurniss, Maureen. Isuues of Representation(Chapter 12), in Art in Motion. Animation Aesthetics. capital of the United Kingdom John Libbey, 1998, pgs.231-249Law, Sandra. Putting Themselves in the Pictures. Images of Women in the Work of Joanna Quinn, Candy Guard and Alison De Vere, in Pilling, Jayne(ed.) A endorser in Animation Studies. London John Libbey, 1997, pgs. 49-70Mulvey, Laura Cinema Visual Pleasure and Narrative 1975 in Penley, C. Feminisim and film theory. London BFI 1988, pgs, 57-68.Mulvey, Laura Film, Feminism and the Avant-Garde, in OPray Michael. The British AvantGarde Film 1926-1995. Luton Luton University John Libbey Press, pgs. 199-21Wells, Paul. Understanding Animation. London Routledge, 1998.FilmsBlack Dog, The. (Alison de Vere, 1987)Body Beautiful. (Joanna Quinn, 1989)Daddys little bit of Dresden China (Karen Watson, 1987)Girls Night Out (Joanna Quinn, 1986)Red hot horseback riding hood (Tex Avery, 1943)What about me? (Candy Guard)Whishful Thinking (Candy Gua rd)Who framed Roger Rabit? (Robert Zemeckis, 1989)

Psychological approaches to child development

Psychological approaches to kidskin schoolment discipline theory comes from the cognitive, Behaviourist and well-disposed approaches in the field of view of psychology. Each of these approaches has assumptions that lot be used to how it applies its approach to understanding human doings. The basic assumptions of the Behaviourist approaches are firstly classical learn this is learning through the process of association between a occurrence stimulus and solvent. Classical conditioning involves well-educated physiological reactiones only animals have this reflexive doings which is not a conscious control just is a reception to a specific stimuli for example a kneejerk reflex will save jerk if is tapped in the correct smudge while your natural depressioner leg is freely swinging this reflex is controlled by the spinal cord and not by the brain this is a ingenuous response to the stimuli an another(prenominal) example is the production of saliva in response to solid fo od when hungry. This was studied in great detail by Pavlov, (1911). Pavlov had been compositioning the digestive process in dogs, in order to do this he placed dogs in harnesses and set a tube up inside their cheek, he did this so he could measure the rate and production of saliva. He observed that the dogs would start to salivate not only when they were given over food but when they first caught sight of the food pail. Pavlov set up m whatever studies to canvas whether or not a dog could learn to associate salivation with another response the ringing of a bell, Pavlov found that after associating the sound of the bell with the presentation of food the dogs would salivate when they heard the bell. The reflex of salivation had go a trend conditioned. Pavlov found there to be a tendency to generalise the learning to other stimuli if a variant bell was rang the dogs would still salivate and the more similar the sound of bell was to the original one the stronger the response this is cognize as the generalisation gradient. Although Pavlov studied dogs it became apparent that it was also a institute of human learning. (HayesOrell, 1996) (Pearce, 1987)Menzies (1937) showed how completely unconscious response could be conditioned response to the sound of a buzzer, the response was vasoconstriction which is the process of air vessels withdrawing from the surface of the skin in the frosty. Menzies got his participants to immerse their hands in a bucket of ice cold water when the buzzer was sounded this would cause vasoconstriction in their hands after a while vasoconstriction would borrow place when the buzzer sounded still though their hands were not immerged in the water meaning their reflex had been conditioned. This film is important as it illustrates that classical conditioning is nothing to do with our conscious decisions. (HayesOrell, 1996)In 1920 Watson and Rayner performed a conditioning experiment on a itsy-bitsy boy who became known as little Albert He was given a white rat and it was observed that Albert was run forful with the rodent he had no fear of it and was even comfortable picking it up. The next time the rat was given to Albert he reacted in the same way but then the psychologists make a loud sound it was so sudden it make little Albert cry they did this on numerous occasions and so finally the mere sight of the rat would counterbalance Little Albert cry next they introduced a white rabbit and a Santa Claus mask which also made him cry, Little Albert had been conditioned to cry at the sight of the white rat but during the process had made a connection that whatsoeverthing white and furry would make a loud noise. This experiment gives us an brain wave into the human mind however this experiment would be unethical in todays standards. (HayesOrell, 1996)(Pearce , 1987)Traditionally, psychologists believed that responses that can be classically conditioned are involuntary responses for example heart rate changes , gastric motility, sweating, eye blinks and versed arousal. This is in contrast to operant conditioning, in which voluntary responses are molded through their rewarding and punishing consequence Pavlovs studies demonstrated how animals and humans can acquire new sorts beyond the rather limited repertoire of their innate reflexes. (Davey, G 1981)Pavlov believed that the conditioned response could explain all kinds of learning. For many years, learning theorists believed that virtually any perceivable neutral stimulus could become a Conditioned Stimulus and that just about any response could be conditioned this view of classical conditioning has been modified as a var. of search studies have identified limitations to animals and humans adaptability through classical conditioning .( Davey 1981)Stimulus generalization allows you to reply to similarities between environmental stimuli, while stimulus discrimination allows you to respond differently to stimuli that have some featur es in common with other stimuli. You generalize first, and then, through additional experience, you learn which stimuli are functionally similar and which stimuli contract different responses. (Hayes, 1994)(McFarland, 1999)Another type of learning is Operant Conditioning which involves learning to repeat or tout ensemble stop certain behaviours, although is more complex than classical conditioning it is still a simple form of learning. In 1911 Thorndike argued that some responses were learned not simply because they are associated with a stimulus response but because they had unpleasant consequences. This was known as the law of effect which is the investigation of different types of learning it is now known as operant conditioning the psychologist responsible for developing it was Skinner. Like Pavlov, Skinner investigated learning by employ animals he did this because he wanted to study simple forms of learning whereas human learning is generally complicated. By exploitation a Skinner box which is a device that contained simple elements that were needed for learning a response, he would place a hungry animal either a rat or a pigeon into the box and observe their behaviour the box would contain triplet things a lever a food delivery chute and a light, as the animal began to course around the box it would eventually call forth the lever and food would be delivered meaning that the behaviour was world rewarded and would have an affect in reinforcing that behaviour which in turn would make it happen again. (HayesOrell, 1996) (Bneedinesswell Skinner, 1951)Skinner introduced the term operant or operant response to distinguish the responses in operant conditioning from those in classical conditioning. In classical conditioning the conditioned response does not affect whether or when the stimulus occurs.Supernanny uses positive reinforcement and rewards and this is most effective in producing commodity behaviour. Positive rein forcers are events that stren gthen a response if they are experienced after that response occurs. They are roughly equivalent to rewards. For nestlingren, positive rein forcers can take food, smiles, money, or other desirable outcomes. The presentation of positive re-enforcers after a response is called positive reinforcement. The process of strengthening behavior by following it with the removal of an aversive stimulus is called negative reinforcement and other desirable outcomes. prohibit rein forcers are stimuli such as pain, threats, or a disapproving frown that strengthen a response if they are removed after the response occurs. Whether it takes the form of presenting something pleasant or removing something aversive, reinforcement perpetually increases the likelihood of the behavior that precedes it. (supernanny.com).Developmental psychologists are interested in how parents usurpation upon a childs development, furthermore sourcing real(a) cause and effect links between the actions of parents and ch ildrens development can be very awkward. Baumrind (1967) conducted a study on more than 100 preschool age children using naturalistic observation and parental interviews she was able to site four important dimensions of parenting which are disciplinary strategies, warmth and nurturance, communication and expectations of maturity and control. Baumrind (1967) stated that the majority of parents debunk one of four parenting styles which are Authoritarian parenting which is where the parent controls, shapes and evaluates the attitude and behaviour of a child using strict rules established by the parents they believe in keeping the child in their place. They also do not encourage communicative give and take, believing that the child should accept their word for what is right. Next is the lordly parent they attempt to direct the childs activities but in a rational, issue-oriented manner. They encourage verbal give and take and share with the child the reasoning. This type of parentin g can result in children being obedient but lack happiness and self appreciate. The authoritative parent affirms the childs present qualities, but also sets standards for future conduct. These parents want their children to be assertive as well as accessiblely responsible. This type of parenting can result in children being content capable and successful. Permissive parents have very few demands to make on their children the parent consults with the child about decisions and gives explanations as to why they have to be implemented. They avoid control and use reason and employment not to overt power but to accomplish mature behaviour permissive parents are nurturing and commutative and are more than a friend than a parent to their children. This parenting style can result in children having low happiness and self esteem but also have problems with authority and some times can do poor at school. Finally the uninvolved parent has few demands and has very low reactivity and communi cation with their child even though these parents may fulfil their childs basic needs they are more likely to be detached from their childs life in extreme cases this can lead to reject r neglect of their children. This parenting style lacks lowest in all life domains and children lack in self esteem and are less competent. (Baumrind, 1967)The BBC news reported on a study Tough Love is good for children It states a balance of warmth and discipline improved social skills more that an authoritarian or diseng senior(a) upbringing. It grades children aged five with Tough Love parents were twice as likely to show good character capabilities. that according to the report qualities such as application, self regulation and empathy were more likely to be real in children whose parents were of the Tough Love category, it found that these qualities make a vital contribution to life chances and opportunity. The building character data came from more than 9000 households in the United Kingdo m, it found that children from the richest backgrounds were twice as likely to develop key characteristics, additionally children whose parents were married were also twice as likely to show such traits than children from unaccompanied parent or step-families., it added that when parental style and confidence were tailored in the difference in child character development between richer and poorer families disappeared. They recommended that the governments sure start programme should be refocused for the use as a tool in early intervention and urge for more information and support for families and children with disengaged or low income parents. This report concluded that it indicated that parenting was the most important influence. (BBC News)One could argue that no matter what parenting style is given throughout childhood it reflects on a childs decision making attitude and behaviour, and has a great impact on a childs development. After learning about parenting styles on child deve lopment it is apparent that all parents should simply use the authoritative parenting style after all it is more likely to produce happy confident and capable children.The theories that Freud studied stressed the importance of childhood experiences, according to Freud child development is describe as a series of psychosexual stages Freud outlined these stages as oral, anal, phallic, latency period, and genital. Each stage involves the felicity of a libidinal desire and can later(prenominal) play a role in mature personality. Erickson developed Freuds theories on development throughout human lifespan. Erikson believed that each stage of development is focused on overcoming a conflict. Theorist Jean Piaget suggested that children think differently than bragging(a)s. Piagets stage theory describes the cognitive development of children. Cognitive development involves changes in cognitive process and abilities. In Piagets view, early cognitive development involves processes based upo n actions and later progresses into changes in mental operations. Piagets focus on qualitative development had an important impact on education, although he did not specifically apply his theory to education but has been used in that children should taught at the direct for which they are developmentally prepared. A criticism of Piaget is his research methods in he used his own three children for his experiments, other children in Piagets small research sample were all from well-educated professionals of high socio-economic status. Because of this unrepresentative sample, it is difficult to generalise his findings to a larger population and research has shown that Piagets argument that all children will automatically move to the next stage of development as they mature. Some data found shows that environmental factors may play a role in the development of formal operations. (About.com)Social learning theory is occurs within social context and is observational learning, imitation an d modelling meaning people observe learning behaviour of others. Behaviourists say that learning has to be represented by a permanent change in behaviour in contrast social learning theorists say that because people can learn through observation alone. Social learning theory has become increasingly cognitive in its interpretation of human learning. Awareness and expectations of reinforcements or punishments have a major effect on behaviours that people display. There is also a vicissitude between behaviourist learning theories and cognitive learning theories. The environment reinforces and punishes modelling. Much behaviour can be learned through modelling Aggression can be learned through models. Much research indicates that children become more militant when they observed aggressive or violent models. Moral thinking and good behaviour are influenced by observation and modelling, including moral judgments regarding right and wrong.Bandura (1961) designed a study which he named t he Bobo Doll experiment, His study used three collections of children the first being the control group which did not include an adult. The other two groups included adult actors with one group being exposed to an adult displaying verbal and physical aggressive behaviour to an inflatable doll and the other witnessing a passive adult, Bandura (1961) found that the group of children who were exposed to the adult showing aggression were more likely to demonstrate the same behaviour when left wing alone in a room to play than those whose groups had a passive adult or no adult at all, The three groups were also divided equally between boys and girls and the results also showed that boys were three times more likely to imitate the physical aggressive behaviour than girls, although it was discovered that the level of imitative verbal aggression was about the same for males and females in the group, Bandura (1961) demonstrates that children have a tendency to imitate the behaviour of an a dult role model so are acting in the same manner that an adult does.(Shuttleworth,2008) but there are extreme examples that show that a human child will imitate the behaviour of whatever it comes into contact with the most, exposure to a model behaving aggressively results in observational learning and aggressive behaviour.Refshttp//www.betterlucktomorrow.com/character_sites/steve/Little%20Albert.htmhttp//psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/childdevtheory.htmShuttleworth, M. (2008). EXPERIMENT-RECOURCES Online. Available http//www.experiment-resources.com/bobo-doll-experiment.htmlHypothesis Accessed 15/10/09Davey, G (1981) wolf Learning and Conditioning MacMillan Press.Hayes, N. (1994) Principles of Comparative Psychology Lawrence Erlbaum.Martin, P. Bateson, P. (1993) Measuring Behaviour (2nd ed.) Cambridge University PressMcFarland, D. (1999) Animal Behaviour (3rd ed.) LongmanPearce J.M. (1987) An Introduction to Animal CognitionLawrence Erlbaum Ridley, M. (1995) A nimal Behaviour a concise introduction (2nd Ed.)Blackwell Skinner, B.F. (1951) How to Teach Animals Scientific American declination 1951 pphttp//www.supernanny.com/Advice/-/Supernanny-techniques/-/Discipline-and-reward.aspxhttp//www.devpsy.org/teaching/parent/baumrind_styles.htmlhttp//newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/1/h

Arguments On Gods Existence Philosophy Essay

Arguments On immortals Existence Philosophy EssayDoes God in reality subsist? This is perchance one of the most sought answer that has divided humanity into two discrete ideologies theism and atheism. To hire to either of the two doctrines, one would first need to understand who or what is God? The most formulaic definition of God that cut across most religions is God is the cause of the universe and everything on it. unitary would thitherfore argue that for God to do all this He must not yet be egotism existent, omniscience, omnipotent but also the Highest Form of Being. This assertion and believe has by and large arouse deep rooted enmity between atheists and theists. While one can sometimes feel induce to lean towards Atheism based on the arguments extended by atheists the strongest conviction of creative activity of God is perhaps realized through theists support for existence of God as their arguments ar satisfactory as opposed to atheists that are more often than not left hanging. Theism is the most popular doctrine in the cosmos today because one is easily convinced by arguments get forward to support Gods existence. These arguments are multi faceted spanning from various dimensions history, science, and philosophy.Historical arguments emanate from a religious perspective most notably Christianity. Stories from the Bible both Old and New Testament talk of the existence of God as the creator of the universe and everything in it. God existence is mentioned in the Bible in more than one occasion. The scriptures talk of God who created the area and earth in six days. By assent believers are urged to believe in his existence And without faith it is impossible to please God, because anyone who comes to Him must believe that He exists and that He rewards those who earnestly seek Him (Hebrews 116). every individual who has this religious affiliation or believe accepts God existence and hand in natures existence. From a religious perspective on e can therefore understand natures beautiful creation. In addition, believe in existence of God or a Superior Being transcends diverse societal cultures, civilisations and even continents. certainly this does not fit the description of a mere coincidence but rather an unknown lodge (God) causing this belief.Critical opinion be it evaluation of logic or deductive reasoning put forward as philosophical arguments further justifies the existence of God. Three main philosophical arguments explains the existence of God anthological, first cause, and argument from design.Simple reasoning clearly shows that there is a God. Trying to argue otherwise defiles logic for one cannot even explain where the intelligence to question His existence comes from. If one really knows what or who God is then statement that He does not exist is just as vague as its illogical.The universe must engage come into existence at one point in time. However, nonentity ever creates itself in light of this it mu st have been created by someone or something that is inconceivable and that was there from the beginning (God). No matter how we may want to deny Gods existence we cant explain creation of the universe from a mere explosion, who and what caused the explosion? What was exploded and who created it? Unless we embrace the fact that another supernatural forces really exists, none other than GodThe world suddenly supports living things, the cheerfulness and other planets arrangement in space can only be described as artistic. If anything were to change like maybe the sun moves closer to the earth all living things would die the reverse is also true. Can a astronomic Bang cause such perfect dispersal? Why is everything still in precise locations afterwards millions of years? Its definitely because there is a god who designed this universe to support life, periodThe existence of God can also be explained through scientific experiments of living organisms properties that portray high ta ke aim structuring of DNA. While living cell denotes unique arrangement that is actually instructional like binary codes that range a computer programme, scientists have failed to explain this existence of such a pattern without programming, it therefore goes without aspect God must have made it that to guides organisms activities. In addition the complexity of a human pass cannot be fully described by evolution theories in place, only God is capable of making a human being a very bright creature.Existence of God is not only practical but theoretical as well. As one examines nature, Gods presence is manifested in many forms ranging from perfectly arranged planets and sun to complex minute cells with unique structured DNA that guides organisms activities. Scholars more importantly scientists have failed to provide a satisfactory explanation of these phenomenas thus rationalizing the existence of God who makes all these possible. Critical thinking and deductive reasoning regarding the coming of existence of the universe has proofed beyond any reasonable dubiousness that the universe did not come into existence by itself but rather by a creator who can only be God. However some arguments put forward to explain Gods existence are contradictory and at best may just seem as illusions rather than facts. For example arguing that everything that exist has a cause is logical but merely stating that God is self existent along the same line of thought undermines the fact that the statement is trying to put across, one may curio if God is complex and is inconceivable, why cant the universe being a complex phenomena be self existent too?